The genotoxicity of ambient outdoor air, a review: Salmonella mutagenicity

Genetic Biomarkers Applied to Environmental Air Quality: Ecological and Human Health Aspects

“…Other studies detected the 16 most important PAHs in PM10 at this site (Dallarosa et al, 2005). Just as the capacity to penetrate more deeply into the respiratory tract rises with the decreased diameter of the particle, increased mutagenic activity is also reported in the literature (Claxton et al, 2004). The studies in urban area appear to indicate a trend between the concentration of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 and intensity of the mutagenic effect observed.…”

“…Approximately half the ambient mutagenicity can be ascribed to atmospheric reaction products of two-to-four-ring PAH. However, PAHs are commonly present in airborne particles and increase mutagenic activity when S9 mix is used (Lewtas, 2007;Claxton et al, 2004), and can explain part of the mutagenic induction observed in these studies. In the area under the influence of the refinery, the presence of PAHs can account for part of the mutagenic activity with S9 mix.…”

“…Dichloromethane extracts the moderately polar compounds and is the most representative fraction of mutagenic activity (De Martinis et al, 1999) extracting a wide range of compounds from airborne particulate matter. DCM is preferred when the investigator did not want to extract non-organic components that would be toxic to the bacteria used in the assay (Claxton et al, 2004;Marvin & Hewitt, 2007). The percentage of extractable organic matter (EOM%) was calculated, and the mass obtained was compared to half the volume of air sampled (EOM in µg/m 3 ), since half the filters were used.…”

Photocatalytic degradation and detoxification of o-chloroaniline in the gas phase: Mechanistic consideration and mutagenicity assessment of its decomposed gaseous intermediate mixture

“…As seen from the figure, the mutagenic toxicity of TA1535/pSK1002 (+S9) decreased rapidly with an increase of the degradation time. The Ames assay is a convenient and useful tool to compare genotoxic activity by location, meteorological conditions, sources, and other modifying conditions [38]. Thus, the Ames assay was also used to confirm further the mutagenicity of the gaseous intermediates during photocatalytic degradation, because the SOS/umu assay is not as sensitive to most organic pollutants.…”

Micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes after exposure to alloxydim sodium herbicide in vitro

“…These injuries were probably due to enhanced production of ROS and/or accumulation of H 2 O 2 and oxidative stress leading to death of some leaf parts. In a different study Sethoxydim which is an herbicide belonging to same group was investigated with the Salmonella assay and was not found mutagenic in this method (Claxton et al 2004). In addition, Alloxydim was investigated with a standard microtest procedure based on the decrease of light emission by the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri.…”