The Genus Equus in Europe

Azzaroli, A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2513-8_20

Cited by 34 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…The fifth level of the Longdan section (the 'lower level' of this study) has been dated to 2.55 Ma by paleomagnetic stratigraphy, and is thus somewhat older than the Nihewanian fauna (Qiu et al, 2004). There is sufficient evidence that global temperature drop at 2.6 Ma caused the formation of the Bering Strait land bridge between North America and Eurasia, resulting in significant faunal exchanges between the two continents (Lindsay et al, 1980;Azzaroli, 1983), which correlates with the first appearance of monodactyl equids in Eurasia at 2.5 Ma (Azzaroli, 1990(Azzaroli, , 1993(Azzaroli, , 1995. The characters of Equus eisenmannae reveal that E. eisenmannae is likely a transitional type between the North American subgenus Plesippus and the Eurasian subgenus Allohippus, as has been suggested in previous studies (Qiu et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whenever different clades of monodactyl equids entered Eurasia, a large number of new species adapted to various environments subsequently appeared (Azzaroli, 1990(Azzaroli, , 1992Forstén, 1996;Deng and Xue, 1999). This evokes a number of questions, for example, in what manner these speciation events occurred, how much time was involved, and whether it is possible to observe any common evolutionary trends in these monodactyl equids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Some evolutionary trends ofEquus eisenmannae(Mammalia, Perissodactyla) in the stratigraphic sequence of Longdan, China, in comparison to modernEquus

Wang

Deng

2011

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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The investigation of the evolution and speciation of Equus in Eurasia is, despite the abundance of available material, often hampered by a lack of stratigraphic information. Here we present the results of our study of material belonging to Equus eisenmannae excavated from sequential 'lower' and 'upper' levels of the loess section at Longdan, China, which has been dated to ca. 2.55-1.85 Ma (early Nihewanian age). The morphological differences between fossils found in the 'upper level' and those from the 'lower level' were quantified using univariate and multivariate analyses. Quantitative variation among modern Equus is discussed in order to address issues of potential speciation events and evolutionary trends seen in the fossil material. We also discuss the evolutionary level of E. eisenmannae by comparing our sample with E. sanmeniensis. Results show that quantitative differences between fossils of E. eisenmannae from the different levels at Longdan approximate and do not exceed intraspecific variation among modern species of Equus, although the variation is smaller than in the extant species E. hemionus. Thus, no sufficient evidence of speciation within the two sequential levels could be found. However, some common evolutionary trends of modern Equus are evident in E. eisenmannae, even though E. eisenmannae is not considered the immediate ancestor of modern Equus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some evolutionary trends ofEquus eisenmannae(Mammalia, Perissodactyla) in the stratigraphic sequence of Longdan, China, in comparison to modernEquus

Wang

Deng

2011

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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“…Many fossil species have been named, which some include all in the living species (e.g. Azzaroli, 1990), while others recognize two or several separate species (respectively Forsten, 1999;Eisenmann, 1991). Equus mosbachensis is a very large species with robust metapodials.…”

Section: Steppe Mammoth Straight Tusked Elephant Caballoid Horses Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forsten (1988Forsten ( , 1992 and Azzaroli (1990) were of the opinion that caballoid horses originated in North America and dispersed from there into Eurasia, where they occurred along with the large stenonid E. suessenbornensis. Eisenmann (1992) was of the opinion, that it is not possible to say where caballoids originated.…”

Section: Steppe Mammoth Straight Tusked Elephant Caballoid Horses Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Faunas from Atapuerca at the Early–Middle Pleistocene limit: The ungulates from level TD8 in the context of climatic change

Made

Rosell

Blasco

2017

Quaternary International

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An extraordinary sequence of fossiliferous levels at the locality of Gran Dolina in the Atapuerca Hills (Burgos, Spain) records the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition. These levels are well dated by a variety of methods, including palaeomagnetism, which locates Lower-Middle Pleistocene boundary at the tope of level TD7. Level TD6 is the type site of the species Homo antecessor and yielded over 90% of the European Early Pleistocene human record, while other levels have an archaeological record. The present paper deals with the earliest Middle Pleistocene ungulates of TD8, but we plan to describe the faunas, or at least the ungulates, of levels TD4 to TD8 in the context of the faunal changes that took place around the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition.About 600 fossils could be assigned to a taxon and on this basis the following ungulates are described from TD8: horse Equus altidens, rhinoceros Stephanorhinus aff. etruscus, wild boar Sus scrofa, hippopotamus Hippopotamus sp., red deer Cervus elaphus, giant deer Eucladoceros aff. giulii, giant deer Megaceroides solilhacus, fallow deer Dama vallonnetensis, and bison Bison voigtstedtensis. The evolution of these taxa is discussed. The fauna from level TD8 dates to the earliest Middle Pleistocene (stage 19) and differs from later faunas in the retention of a small rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus aff. etruscus) and the latest representative of the genus Eucladoceros. It differs from earlier faunas in having the striped hyaena. Together with the fauna from TD7, in which the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary is recorded, TD8 will provide the most precise criterions for correlation of the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary on the basis of fossils of large mammals.Profound changes in the global climate system started to take place during the late Early Pleistocene, leading to intensive environmental and faunal change and to human dispersal into Europe. These events mark the beginning of a new time and the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary is taken somewhere in the middle of this drawn out process. It is taken at a palaeomagnetic change, which is convenient, but this does not appear to be close to an important climatic or faunal change. Ten faunal events are recognized in the period from about 1.2 to 0.5 Ma. The event closest to the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary is one of the minor events and up to now it is recorded in only few localities, principally in TD8.

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“…Furthermore, teeth, and third metacarpals, have proven useful as a basis for taxonomic determinations of Pleistocene fossil horses (Prat, 1976(Prat, ,1980Eisenmann, 1980Eisenmann, ,1986Eisenmann, ,1991Azzaroli, 1990). Dental measurements have also been used as a measure of overall body size in Pleistocene equids (supra, and see MacFadden, 1992: 269).…”

Section: Horse Remains From the Bluefish Cavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental Characteristics of Late Pleistocene Equus Lambei from the Bluefish Caves, Yukon Territory, and their Comparison with Eurasian Horses

Burke¹,

Cinq-Mars²

2007

gpq

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Bluefish Caves I, II and III of northern Yukon, have yielded the earliest in situ evidence of human occupation of Eastern Beringia, associated with one of the largest and most diverse Late Pleistocene faunas recovered in the region. This paper presents data derived from the study of a large sample of horse teeth recovered from the three caves. This research contributes to our knowledge of the Late Pleistocene Beringian equid, Equus lambei. A comparison of the dentition of E. lambei with that of some contemporary European horses, indicates they have similar size cheekteeth. The hypothesis of a Late Pleistocene trend of size reduction in equids is considered in the light of this comparison.Les grottes du Poisson Bleu présentent les témoins les plus anciens découverts in situ d'une occupation humaine en Béringie orientale, associés à la faune la plus nombreuse et diversifiée trouvée dans la région. On présente ici les données issues de l'étude d'un important échantillon de dents de cheval récupérées dans les trois grottes. Cette recherche contribue à enrichir nos connaissances sur Equus lambei. La comparaison de la dentition de Equus lambei avec celle des chevaux contemporains d'Europe montre que leur dents sont de taille similaire. À la faveur de cette comparaison l'hypothèse d'une réduction de la taille des équidés survenue au Pleistocene supérieur est envisagée.Die Bluefish-Grotten I, II und III von Nord-Yukon haben den frùhesten Beleg in situ ùber menschliche Besiedlung von Ost-Bering erbracht, in Verbindung mit einer der bedeutendsten und abwechslungsreichsten Fauna des spàten Pleistozàns, die man in diesem Gebiet finden konnte. Dieser Aufsatz stellt Daten vor, die bei der Studie einer bedeutenden Sammlung von Pferdezàhnen aus den drei Grotten gewonnen wurden. Dièse Forschungsarbeit bereichert unsere Kenntnisse ùber Equus lambei im spàten Pleistozân. Ein Vergleich der Dentition von E. lambei mit der einiger zeitgenôssischer europâischer Pferde zeigt, da(3 ihre Backenzâhne fast gleicher GrôRe sind. Die Hypothèse, daf3 im spàten Pleistozân ein Trend zum Kleinerwerden der Pferde bestand, wird im Licht dieses Vergleichs in Erwâgung gezogen

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The Genus Equus in Europe

Cited by 34 publications

References 13 publications

Some evolutionary trends ofEquus eisenmannae(Mammalia, Perissodactyla) in the stratigraphic sequence of Longdan, China, in comparison to modernEquus

Some evolutionary trends ofEquus eisenmannae(Mammalia, Perissodactyla) in the stratigraphic sequence of Longdan, China, in comparison to modernEquus

Faunas from Atapuerca at the Early–Middle Pleistocene limit: The ungulates from level TD8 in the context of climatic change

Dental Characteristics of Late Pleistocene Equus Lambei from the Bluefish Caves, Yukon Territory, and their Comparison with Eurasian Horses

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