The Genus <i>Trochulus</i> Chemnitz, 1786 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae) - A Taxonomic Revision

Abstract

The revision of the genus Trochulus Chemnitz, 1786 is based on conchological and anatomical characters of 4,377 adult specimens (3,190 dry shells and 1,187 alcohol-preserved snails) from 303 localities. Shell descriptions with the variation ranges, based on morphometric analysis, reproductive system descriptions with figures, identification key, synonymy, and distribution maps are provided. The most significant diagnostic characters are: shell shape and colour, umbilicus shape and size, durability of hairs, penis/epiphallus length ratio, flagellum/epiphallus length ratio, number and arrangement of mucous glands, length and location of dart sacs. Three names are synonymised: T. plebeius, T. concinnus and T. hispidus. Phylogenetic analysis yielded 96 equally parsimonious trees; the strict consensus procedure resulted in an incompletely resolved cladogram, with two distinct monophyletic groups of species: the villosus group including villosus, czarnohoricus, unidentatus and bielzi, and the striolatus group, with striolatus, graminicolus, montanus, caelatus, hispidus, suberectus, edentulus, bakowskii, luridus, filicinus and leucozonus. These two groups and erjaveci, biconicus, villosulus, clandestinus, lubomirskii and piccardi, form a phylogenetic bush. The monophyletic groups appearing in the cladogram are not compatible with any of the earlier proposed divisions. Most members of Trochulus inhabit the Alps and the Carpathians. The only widely distributed species is T. hispidus. The second most widespread species is T. striolatus. The remaining species are endemics with limited ranges. The number of species within particular parts of the range points to the Alpine-Carpathian area as the diversity centre of the genus.

Opole (Poland) - a key locality for middle Miocene terrestrial mollusc faunas

“…Similarly, Urticicola Lindholm, 1927sensu Salvador (2013, from the early/middle Miocene of S Germany, differs in its dense and regular pattern of tiny papillae. The hair pits in extant Trochulus Chemnitz, 1786 are weaker and shallower (see Proćków 2009); the microsculpture of Monachoides and Perforatella species differs considerably by the presence of densely spaced, elongate "ship-hull" tubercles (see, e.g. Kerney et al 1983, Pawlowska-Banasiak 2008; Fruticicola develops delicate spiral grooves, cut by coarser growth lines (Gargominy & Ripken 2011).…”

Differentiation in the Trochulus hispidus complex and related taxa (Pulmonata: Hygromiidae): morphology, ecology and their relation to phylogeography

“…This genus has frequently been the focus of taxonomic questions, which have been addressed using morphological (Focart, 1965; Gittenberger, Backhuys & Ripken, 1970; Schileyko, 1978; Falkner, 1995; Falkner, Ripken & Falkner, 2002; Proćków, 2009; Duda et al ., 2011) and genetic data (Pfenninger et al ., 2005; Dépraz, Hausser & Pfenninger, 2009; Kruckenhauser et al ., 2014). The species with the widest distribution within the genus is T. hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758).…”

On the spelling of Trochulus lubomirskii vs. lubomirski (Ślósarski, 1881) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae) – the opposite point of view

“…28 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). The current generic placement of the species is questionable as it is placed in either the genus Trochulus Chemnitz, 1786 (being itself a replacement name for Trichia Hartmann, 1840) (PROAEKÓW 2009, WELTER-SCHULTES 2012 or Plicuteria Shileyko, 1978(SHILEYKO 2006, PALL-GERGELY et al 2013 ." -33.5.…”