The geography of cholera

Collins, Andrew

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1515-2_8

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Changes in the disease hazard and human susceptibility therefore include seasonal and unseasonal changes. Bardaj and Rao [69] and Collins [23] refer to this as reasons for fluctuations in diarrhoeal disease hazards and vulnerability. The changes are a function of the seasonal cycle of rainfall but controlled by variations in development, within and between both urban and rural areas.…”

Section: Environmental Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This is backed up by an approach to disasters that emphasizes the progression of vulnerability. Disease risks depend on variations in local environmental hazards and contexts [22,[23][24][25][26][27]. People are socio-economically vulnerable and consequently biologically susceptible when there is no livelihood security, where rights are denied, as a result of conflict, and through environmental disasters.…”

Section: Theoretical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Socio‐economic and environmental origins of cholera epidemics in Mozambique: guidelines for tackling uncertainty in infectious disease prevention and control

Collins¹,

Lucas²,

Islam

et al. 2006

International Journal of Environmental Studies

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Section: Environmental Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Theoretical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio‐economic and environmental origins of cholera epidemics in Mozambique: guidelines for tackling uncertainty in infectious disease prevention and control

Collins¹,

Lucas²,

Islam

et al. 2006

International Journal of Environmental Studies

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“…The very first pandemic, based on the available literature, was the Antonine plague in 165 AD, and the most recent is coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Pandemics presented chronologically include the Antonine plague (165 AD), Plague of Justinian (541–542 AD), Black Death (1346–1353), third cholera pandemic (1852–860) ( http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-panemics-1.758504 accessed on 15 June 2020, flu pandemic (1889–1890), sixth cholera pandemic (1910–1911) (Collins 1996 ; Robert 1954 ), flu pandemic/Spanish flu (1918) (Wever and Van Bergen 2014 ), Asian flu (1956–1958), flu pandemic (1968), Hong Kong flu (1981) ( http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/025969,2027479.00 acccessed on 15 June 2020), SARS (2002–2003), HIV/AIDS pandemic (2005–2012), swine flu (2009–2010), Ebola (2014–2016), MERS-CoV (2015), and COVID-19, an RNA virus disease. Each of these pandemics was a threat to mankind (Reid et al 2004 ; Raj et al 2020 ) and created panic in the absence of a vaccine at the time of the outbreak.…”

Section: World History Of Pandemicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID-19 precautions based on lessons learned from past pandemics: a review

Munnoli¹,

Nabapure

Yeshavanth

2020

J Public Health (Berl.)

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Aim In view of the spread of the contagious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) globally, the present review focuses on the details of past pandemic diseases, along with comparisons and lessons learned. A general awareness of COVID-19 infection is addressed, and it is compared with the Spanish flu pandemic. Based on the successes, failures and lessons learned in the past, governmental efforts must be undertaken to empower citizens by providing accurate information and implementing post-COVID-19 precautions that need to be taken now to stop the spread and recurrence of the virus locally, and to restore health and economic normalcy. Methods A detailed literature survey of past pandemics is undertaken in order to extract the successes, failures and lessons learned from previous breakouts. The comparison of past pandemics will enable us to determine post-COVID-19 precautions that should be followed. Separate tables are prepared to highlight the lessons learned and measures to be taken. Both general precautions and preventive measures for pregnant women are compiled. Results The literature shows a continuous struggle of humans with disease outbreaks, with the most adverse impact of the Spanish flu killing 20-50 million people. Precautions need to be taken including social distancing, compulsory mask-wearing, avoiding public gatherings and washing hands regularly. The lessons from earlier pandemics show that they were equally devastating, and vaccines were not available at the time of outbreaks. Vaccines developed for polio, H1N1, measles, and other viral diseases have proven to save countless lives. Living with COVID-19 and evolving the work culture of protecting oneself and protecting others also has to be adopted. Conclusions COVID-19 has become an everyday topic of discussion throughout the world, indicating the increasing number of COVID-19 cases, deaths and recoveries. The lessons learned from past pandemics such as social distancing, wearing masks, avoiding public gatherings and adherence to guidelines, along with personal hygiene, are the key measures that must be taken in order to live with COVID-19. Precautions for the elderly and pregnant women advised by medical authorities are to be strictly adhered to. These will help in reducing COVID-19 cases and in turn will reduce the pressure on hospitals to serve those in need. India has learned lessons from the past and the present pandemic and will move towards growth through its self-reliance.

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“…Several epidemics and sporadic cases of cholera are reported from many regions of the world every year [ 1 , 2 ]. During an outbreak, cholera spreads by faecal contaminated water and is influenced by other socio-economical factors such as lack of proper sanitary systems and poor health care [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Heavy Rainfall on Genotypic Diversity inV. choleraeIsolates from an Outbreak in India

Goel

Jiang

2011

International Journal of Microbiology

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The outbreak of waterborne disease cholera has been associated with rainfall and flooding events by contamination of potable water with environmental Vibrio cholerae. The continuation of the epidemic in a region, however, is often due to secondary transmission of the initial outbreak strain through human waste. This paper reports, on the contrary, a rapid shift of genotype from one V. cholerae strain to another one in an epidemic region. V. cholerae isolated from patients during 2005 cholera epidemic in Chennai, India were characterized using PCR identification of toxin genes, antibiogram, and genomic fingerprinting analysis. The results showed that in spite of the similarity of toxin genes and antibiogram, the Vibrio isolates grouped into two different clusters based on the ERIC-PCR fingerprinting. Each cluster corresponded to a distinct peak of cholera outbreak, which occurred after separate heavy rainfall. The results suggest that the rainfall event can bring various genotypes of V. cholerae strains causing multiple outbreaks.

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The geography of cholera

Cited by 10 publications

References 87 publications

Socio‐economic and environmental origins of cholera epidemics in Mozambique: guidelines for tackling uncertainty in infectious disease prevention and control

Socio‐economic and environmental origins of cholera epidemics in Mozambique: guidelines for tackling uncertainty in infectious disease prevention and control

Post-COVID-19 precautions based on lessons learned from past pandemics: a review

Association of Heavy Rainfall on Genotypic Diversity inV. choleraeIsolates from an Outbreak in India

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