The geometric and statistical evolution of normal fault systems: an experimental study of the effects of mechanical layer thickness on scaling laws

Ackermann, Rolf V.; Schlische, Roy W.; Withjack, Martha Oliver

doi:10.1016/s0191-8141(01)00028-1

Cited by 230 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Wet clay has primarily two advantages over the more frequently used sand within analog models: 1) upon deformation, clay produces clear and distinct fault surfaces that reveal detailed fault slip information, such as can be used for fault-scaling relations [e.g., Clifton et al, 2000;Ackermann et al, 2001], and 2) faults within wet clay are more easily reactivated than faults within sand [e.g., Eisenstadt and Sims, 2005;Henza et al, 2010], which may better replicate deformation of natural systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3] Wet clay has been used in analog models since the 1960s [e.g., Cloos, 1968;Withjack and Jamison, 1986;An and Sammis, 1996;Spyropoulos et al, 1999;Clifton et al, 2000;Ackermann et al, 2001;Bellahsen et al, 2003;Eisenstadt and Sims, 2005;Henza et al, 2010]. Wet clay has primarily two advantages over the more frequently used sand within analog models: 1) upon deformation, clay produces clear and distinct fault surfaces that reveal detailed fault slip information, such as can be used for fault-scaling relations [e.g., Clifton et al, 2000;Ackermann et al, 2001], and 2) faults within wet clay are more easily reactivated than faults within sand [e.g., Eisenstadt and Sims, 2005;Henza et al, 2010], which may better replicate deformation of natural systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rheologic testing of wet kaolin reveals frictional and bi‐viscous behavior typical of crustal materials

Cooke¹,

Elst²

2012

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] New rheological data for wet kaolin support its use in analog table-top experiments that simulate deformation of the Earth's crust. Creep tests at small strain reveal that wet kaolin (62-66% water by mass) exhibits both elastic and viscous deformation characteristic of a Burger's material. When sheared to failure, the shear strength is relatively insensitive to the strain rate. The shear strength appears sensitive to the amount of initial compaction within the rheometer, which may indicate a normal-stress dependency typical of frictional materials. Stepped velocity tests at large strain demonstrate velocity weakening rate and state frictional behavior after yielding. Because the wet kaolin exhibits deformation characteristic of both frictional materials and bi-viscous materials, this material is well suited to simulate a variety of crustal deformational processes in scaled analog experiments. Citation: Cooke, M. L., and N. J. van der Elst (2012), Rheologic testing of wet kaolin reveals frictional and bi-viscous behavior typical of crustal materials, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01308,

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheologic testing of wet kaolin reveals frictional and bi‐viscous behavior typical of crustal materials

Cooke¹,

Elst²

2012

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…In practice, most fault population researchers have found, or believe based upon theoretical considerations, that the relationship is accurate down to displacements equivalent to several grain diameters for clastic rocks (e.g., Ackerman et al 2001). Even this implies F becomes very large at the actual lower limit of d. This suggests a high probability that a given CO 2 plume will encounter a fault of some size.…”

Section: Substituting Equation 3 Into Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This finding is based upon field research (e.g., Watterson et al 1996), physical modeling (e.g., Ackerman et al 2001), and numerical simulations (e.g., Cowie et al 1995). Power-law distributions are of the form…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring and Modeling Fault Density for Plume-Fault Encounter Probability Estimation

Jordan¹,

Oldenburg²,

Nicot³

2011

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Emission of carbon dioxide from fossil-fueled power generation stations contributes to global climate change. Storage of this carbon dioxide within the pores of geologic strata (geologic carbon storage) is one approach to mitigating the climate change that would otherwise occur. The large storage volume needed for this mitigation requires injection into brine-filled pore space in reservoir strata overlain by cap rocks. One of the main concerns of storage in such rocks is leakage via faults. In the early stages of site selection, site-specific fault coverages are often not available. This necessitates a method for using available fault data to develop an estimate of the likelihood of injected carbon dioxide encountering and migrating up a fault, primarily due to buoyancy. Fault population statistics provide one of the main inputs to calculate the encounter probability. Previous fault population statistics work is shown to be applicable to areal fault density statistics. This result is applied to a case study in the southern portion of the San Joaquin Basin with the result that the probability of a carbon dioxide plume from a previously planned injection had a 3% chance of encountering a fully seal offsetting fault.

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“…Many statistical studies show that exponential or power laws are often appropriate (Odling, 1997;Ackermann et al, 2001;Bour et al, 2002;Soliva and Benedicto, 2005;Davy et al, 2010).…”

Section: Fracture Size and Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic fracture generation accounting for the stratification orientation in a folded environment based on an implicit geological model

Borghi

Renard

Fournier

et al. 2015

Engineering Geology

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a b s t r a c t Keywords:Geological modeling Discrete fracture network (DFN) Stochastic modeling Structural geology This paper presents a new approach in generating stochastic discrete fracture networks. The particularity of the approach is that it allows us to simulate the theoretical families of fractures that are expected in a folded environment. The approach produces fractures that are consistent with the local stratigraphic orientation. The fractures are modeled as simple rectangular planar objects. When they are modeled, they are rotated according to the local stratigraphic orientation. As the stratigraphy is modeled using an implicit approach, we use the gradient of this geological potential field to retrieve the information about the geological orientation. The fracture number and size are following user-defined probability density functions.

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The geometric and statistical evolution of normal fault systems: an experimental study of the effects of mechanical layer thickness on scaling laws

Cited by 230 publications

References 60 publications

Rheologic testing of wet kaolin reveals frictional and bi‐viscous behavior typical of crustal materials

Rheologic testing of wet kaolin reveals frictional and bi‐viscous behavior typical of crustal materials

Measuring and Modeling Fault Density for Plume-Fault Encounter Probability Estimation

Stochastic fracture generation accounting for the stratification orientation in a folded environment based on an implicit geological model

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