The gilded bronze panels of the Porta del Paradiso by Lorenzo Ghiberti: non-destructive analyses using X-ray fluorescence

Ferretti, M.; Siano, Salvatore

doi:10.1007/s00339-007-4231-2

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Little interest has been shown in coins over the current review year, but Civici et al 247 used EDXRF to analyse a hoard of silver coins minted by the Illyrian king Monounios (3rd century BC), using trace compositions (Au, Bi, Pb) to classify them. Gilded bronze panels were of interest to Ferretti and Siano, 248 who used PXRF to evaluate details of the development of an art foundry during the early Renaissance, based on a study of the Porta del Paradiso by Lorenzo Ghiberti.…”

Section: Archaeological Cultural Heritage and Forensicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic spectrometry update. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

West

Ellis²,

Kregsamer

et al. 2008

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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This annual review of X-ray fluorescence covers developments over the period 2007-2008 in instrumentation and detectors, matrix correction and spectrum analysis procedures, X-ray optics and micro-fluorescence, synchrotron XRF, TXRF, portable XRF and on-line applications as assessed from the published literature. The trend set in previous years continues with an increase in the number of papers published on applications for XRF, including sample preparation, geological, environmental, archaeological, forensic, biological, clinical, thin films, chemical state and speciation studies. Earlier literature has not been ignored in that some of Archimedes oldest writing, previously hidden from sight in a medieval prayer book has now been revealed thanks to the power of modern m-SRXRF. X-ray optics now benefit from the use of poly-capillaries systems, equipment portability has been extended to include the TXRF configuration and readers will find several papers on the use of both two and three dimensional imaging to support environmental, geological and biological studies. The writing team would welcome feedback from readers of this review and invite you to complete the Atomic Spectrometry Updates questionnaire on www.asureviews.org. 9 Applications 9.1 Sample preparation 9.2 Geological and industrial minerals 9.3 Environmental 9.3.1 Aerosols and particulates 9.3.2 Consequences of industrial activity 9.3.3 Other environmental studies 9.4 Archaeological, cultural heritage and forensic 9.5 Industrial 9.6 Clinical and biological 9.7 Thin films and coatings 9.8 Chemical state and speciation 10 Abbrevations 11 References

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Section: Archaeological Cultural Heritage and Forensicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic spectrometry update. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

West

Ellis²,

Kregsamer

et al. 2008

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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show abstract

“…This case study also shows that XRF analytical information can be quantitative without necessarily aiming at elemental quantication. This approach has also been used to attribute the loose parts or fragments to a given artefact [39][40][41] to investigate the recycling of parts from the pre-existing objects, 42,43 to highlight casting sequences in the fabrication of complex artefacts, 41,44,45 and to study the use of different alloys to obtain chromatic effects. 46 Other applications of portable XRF concern the analysis of bi-layered structures (a substrate and a coating), which are relatively common in ancient metal artefacts.…”

Section: Measurement Strategies For Using Portable Xrf Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The investigation of ancient metal artefacts by portable X-ray fluorescence devices

Ferretti

2014

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis by portable spectrometers has long been applied to the study of ancient metal artefacts. On one hand, its effectiveness depends on its ability to provide answers to archaeological, historical and technological questions. On the other hand, the artistic and monetary value of artefacts requires mandatorily respecting the physical integrity of the objects in most cases. These two conditions -i.e. being non-destructive and, at the same time, capable of significant results -affect the designing of spectrometer, with special attention given to the balance between portability and analytical performance, as well as measurement strategy. This paper presents a critical discussion concerning the use of portable XRF devices in the investigation of ancient metal artefacts, including the advantages and limitations of different technical solutions and measurement strategies. Measuring the absolute composition of the objects often requires the removal of the patina, which is seldom permitted for ancient artefacts. Hence, emphasis is given to alternative methods that are more respectful of artefact integrity and are able to make the most of the non-destructivity and measurement speed, which are the real mainstays of portable XRF. Other uses of this technique such as the analysis of multilayered materials and the study of surface compositional changes are also discussed.

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“…[67 -70] Determining the composition of the metal alloy, as well as the nature of any applied surface treatments, [71] or join and repair materials, may provide insight into the materials and practices characteristic of an individual artist, or the foundry technology of a particular era. [24,25] For sculpture, the composition of repairs and solder joins is a means of determining whether or not the object has undergone modification or repair subsequent to its original manufacture. These joins may be on the order of a millimeter or less in width, and an XRF spectrometer with an output aperture on the order of a few millimeters may not be able to adequately determine their composition, as the spectrum would be dominated by the surrounding metal.…”

Section: Sculpturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the excitation profile may be somewhat shapeable through the use of filters and control of the tube voltage and current, multiple instruments (with different anodes) may be necessary to provide optimal excitation profiles for all elements. The single spot analyses provided by these instruments are well suited for examining areas on objects that are homogeneous on the order of the size of the output aperture, such as is the case for most photographs, [21 -23] the bulk alloy of bronze sculpture, [24,25] and ceramic bodies. [26 -28] However, many works of art, most notably illuminated manuscripts, [29 -32] drawings, [31,33] and inlaid metals or painted enamels, [34] have fine-scale features that cannot be adequately probed with these spectrometers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The examination of works of art using in situ XRF line and area scans

et al. 2010

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Spatially resolved element distributions generated by in situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) line and area scans are shown to provide information about works of art which may not be obtainable from single spot spectra. In addition to generating visually powerful element maps and line profiles, this method also generates a spectrum at each image point, and this large data set is available for additional analysis. When generating line and area scans in the study of works of art, the collection parameters -including X-ray tube choice, spot size, step size, and scan time -must be optimized not only to produce the best signal, but also to perform the analysis within constraints imposed to ensure the security or safety of the object. Examples of the application of this method to several classes of works of art are presented, including illuminated manuscripts, paintings, bronze sculpture, and glazed ceramics.

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The gilded bronze panels of the Porta del Paradiso by Lorenzo Ghiberti: non-destructive analyses using X-ray fluorescence

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

Atomic spectrometry update. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Atomic spectrometry update. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

The investigation of ancient metal artefacts by portable X-ray fluorescence devices

The examination of works of art using in situ XRF line and area scans

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