The glass micropipette electrode: A history of its inventors and users to 1950

Bretag, Allan H.

doi:10.1085/jgp.201611634

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…To maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, the conductive material is often exposed at the end of the electrode, the shank of which is insulated with non-conductive material. Typically, single-wire electrodes [21] and glass micropipette electrodes are used in electrophysiological studies [2223]. Recent advancements have enabled the development of implantable neural probes with the technical characteristics necessary for practical BMI applications, which include high spatiotemporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implantable Neural Probes for Brain-Machine Interfaces ? Current Developments and Future Prospects

et al. 2018

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A Brain-Machine interface (BMI) allows for direct communication between the brain and machines. Neural probes for recording neural signals are among the essential components of a BMI system. In this report, we review research regarding implantable neural probes and their applications to BMIs. We first discuss conventional neural probes such as the tetrode, Utah array, Michigan probe, and electroencephalography (ECoG), following which we cover advancements in next-generation neural probes. These next-generation probes are associated with improvements in electrical properties, mechanical durability, biocompatibility, and offer a high degree of freedom in practical settings. Specifically, we focus on three key topics: (1) novel implantable neural probes that decrease the level of invasiveness without sacrificing performance, (2) multi-modal neural probes that measure both electrical and optical signals, (3) and neural probes developed using advanced materials. Because safety and precision are critical for practical applications of BMI systems, future studies should aim to enhance these properties when developing next-generation neural probes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implantable Neural Probes for Brain-Machine Interfaces ? Current Developments and Future Prospects

et al. 2018

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“…By the end of the 1940s Ralph Gerard and Judith Graham in Chicago had developed glass capillary micropipettes that could be inserted into muscle cells to record intracellular potentials. This wasn’t the first time micropipettes had been used: recordings were made from plant cells at the start of the twentieth century (see Bretag 2017 ). However, the development of the cathode follower amplifier allowed intracellular recordings of muscle potentials by Fatt and Katz ( 1951 ), who showed that changing the potential of the postsynaptic cell altered the endplate potential in ways consistent with the chemical, not electrical hypothesis.…”

Section: The Neuron Doctrine and Chemical Synaptic Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gilbert Ling, a graduate student of Gerard’s had made micropipettes less than one micrometre at the tip (Bretag 2017 ). Eccles realised these could be used to record from motor neurons in the cat spinal cord, and with Jack Coombs developed stimulating equipment and amplifiers capable of recording with these high resistance micropipettes.…”

Section: The Neuron Doctrine and Chemical Synaptic Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kuhnian revolutions in neuroscience: the role of tool development

Parker

2018

Biol Philos

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The terms “paradigm” and “paradigm shift” originated in “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” by Thomas Kuhn. A paradigm can be defined as the generally accepted concepts and practices of a field, and a paradigm shift its replacement in a scientific revolution. A paradigm shift results from a crisis caused by anomalies in a paradigm that reduce its usefulness to a field. Claims of paradigm shifts and revolutions are made frequently in the neurosciences. In this article I will consider neuroscience paradigms, and the claim that new tools and techniques rather than crises have driven paradigm shifts. I will argue that tool development has played a minor role in neuroscience revolutions.

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“…Micropipettes, used for nearly 100 years in microbiology, electrophysiology, and electrochemistry 26–28 have many resemblances to cantilevers with an internal micro-channel. Micropipettes have been used in patch clamping 29,30 , dispensing of liquids 31 , aspiration of membranes 32 , and micro-injection 33 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrokinetics in Micro-channeled Cantilevers: Extending the Toolbox for Reversible Colloidal Probes and AFM-Based Nanofluidics

Mark

Helfricht

Rauh

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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The combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with nanofluidics, also referred to as FluidFM, has facilitated new applications in scanning ion conductance microscopy, direct force measurements, lithography, or controlled nanoparticle deposition. An essential element of this new type of AFMs is its cantilever, which bears an internal micro-channel with a defined aperture at the end. Here, we present a new approach for in-situ characterization of the internal micro-channels, which is non-destructive and based on electrochemical methods. It allows for probing the internal environment of a micro-channeled cantilever and the corresponding aperture, respectively. Acquiring the streaming current in the micro-channel allows to determine not only the state of the aperture over a wide range of ionic strengths but also the surface chemistry of the cantilever’s internal channel. The high practical applicability of this method is demonstrated by detecting the aspiration of polymeric, inorganic and hydrogel particles with diameters ranging from several µm down to 300 nm. By verifying in-situ the state of the aperture, i.e. open versus closed, electrophysiological or nano-deposition experiments will be significantly facilitated. Moreover, our approach is of high significance for direct force measurements by the FluidFM-technique and sub-micron colloidal probes.

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The glass micropipette electrode: A history of its inventors and users to 1950

Abstract: Bretag traces the history of glass microelectrodes back to the 17th century.

Cited by 26 publications

References 67 publications

Implantable Neural Probes for Brain-Machine Interfaces ? Current Developments and Future Prospects

Implantable Neural Probes for Brain-Machine Interfaces ? Current Developments and Future Prospects

Kuhnian revolutions in neuroscience: the role of tool development

Electrokinetics in Micro-channeled Cantilevers: Extending the Toolbox for Reversible Colloidal Probes and AFM-Based Nanofluidics

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