The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: Model description and evaluation

Schmied, Hannes Müller; Cáceres, Denise; Eisner, Stephanie; Flörke, Martina; Herbert, Claudia; Niemann, Christoph; Peiris, Thedini Asali; Popat, Eklavyya; Portmann, Felix T.; Reinecke, Robert D.; Schumacher, Maike; shadkam, somayeh; Telteu, Camelia-Eliza; Trautmann, Tim; Döll, Petra

doi:10.5194/gmd-2020-225

Cited by 54 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…We use the global hydrological model, WGHM version 2.2d (Döll et al, 2003;Müller Schmied et al, 2020) to simulate current and future streamflow at daily time steps. WGHM simulates storage and flux components of the continental water cycle with a spatial resolution of 0.5°(~55 km).…”

Section: Modeling Streamflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projected Changes in Compound Flood Hazard From Riverine and Coastal Floods in Northwestern Europe

et al. 2020

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Compound flooding in coastal regions, that is, the simultaneous or successive occurrence of high sea levels and high river flows, is expected to increase in a warmer world. To date, however, there is no robust evidence on projected changes in compound flooding for northwestern Europe. We combine projected storm surges and river floods with probabilistic, localized relative sea-level rise (SLR) scenarios to assess the future compound flood hazard over northwestern coastal Europe in the high (RCP8.5) emission scenario. We use high-resolution, dynamically downscaled regional climate models (RCM) to drive a storm surge model and a hydrological model, and analyze the joint occurrence of high coastal water levels and associated river peaks in a multivariate copula-based approach. The RCM-forced multimodel mean reasonably represents the observed spatial pattern of the dependence strength between annual maxima surge and peak river discharge, although substantial discrepancies exist between observed and simulated dependence strength. All models overestimate the dependence strength, possibly due to limitations in model parameterizations. This bias affects compound flood hazard estimates and requires further investigation. While our results suggest decreasing compound flood hazard over the majority of sites by 2050s (2040-2069) compared to the reference period (1985-2005), an increase in projected compound flood hazard is limited to around 34% of the sites. Further, we show the substantial role of SLR, a driver of compound floods, which has frequently been neglected. Our findings highlight the need to be aware of the limitations of the current generation of Earth system models in simulating coastal compound floods.

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Section: Modeling Streamflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projected Changes in Compound Flood Hazard From Riverine and Coastal Floods in Northwestern Europe

et al. 2020

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“…It has been proved that WGHM is a qualitatively good‐performing global hydrological model in previous studies, especially for quantify global scale water resources and assess water stress (Masaki et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2017). More details about evaluations/applications of WGHM products can also be found at literatures (e.g., Döll et al., 2014; Müller Schmied et al., 2014, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage Across Global Arid and Humid Basins

Wang

et al. 2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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Terrestrial water storage (TWS), which includes ice and snow, lakes, rivers, soil water and groundwater, is a key parameter to close the water balance at global river basins (e.g., Liu et al., 2016). Moreover, the changes in TWS (∆S) and its components present considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity at the global scale (Frappart & Ramillien, 2018). The traditional methods of estimating ∆S, including in situ observations and hydrological modeling, have their own limitations in different aspects. First, in situ observations are limited to the point scale and it is difficult to obtain ΔS observations in terrain with complicated topography (A. Wang & Zeng, 2012). Second, uncertainties in models and the lack of observation data in some areas will lead to large variations in the accuracy of model simulation results. Although microwave remote sensing could retrieve the TWS components, it is restricted to obtaining information about changes in soil moisture content only at depths up to 5 cm from the surface. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) twin satellite mission, jointly implemented by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and German Aerospace Center, is primarily aimed at obtaining temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field with unprecedented accuracy (e.g., Save et al., 2016). GRACE not only effectively avoids the shortcomings of traditional methods, but also provides a new tool for directly monitoring large-scale ΔS. However, GRACE has its own limitations. In addition to the coarse spatial and temporal resolution of the raw data, it is difficult to trace

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“…In this study, we use the output of the latest version of the global hydrological and water use model WaterGAP 2.2d (Müller Schmied et al, 2020). WaterGAP consists of two major modules: the water use models for five different sectors and the global hydrological model (WGHM).…”

Section: Methods and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differing from anomaly-based streamflow drought indicators, a combined analysis of streamflow anomaly and deficit requires time series information of both streamflow and water demand. This information is available from global water resources and uses models such as WaterGAP with a spatial resolution of 0.5° (55 km by 55 km at the equator) and a monthly temporal resolution (Alcamo et al, 2003;Müller Schmied et al, 2020). Up to the present time, macro-scale drought risk assessments have included the demand for water as vulnerability indicators by using a country's averagewater withdrawal to water availability ratio (e.g., Meza et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil moisture and streamflow deficit anomaly index: An approach to quantify drought hazards by combining deficit and anomaly

Popat¹,

Döll²

2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Drought is understood as both a lack of water (i.e., a deficit as compared to some requirement) and an anomaly in the condition of one or more components of the hydrological cycle. Most drought indices, however, only consider the anomaly aspect, i.e., how unusual the condition is. In this paper, we present two drought hazard indices that reflect both the deficit and anomaly aspects. The soil moisture deficit anomaly index, SMDAI, is based on the drought severity index, DSI, but is computed in a more straightforward way that does not require the definition of a mapping function. We propose a new indicator of drought hazard for water supply from rivers, the streamflow deficit anomaly index, QDAI, which takes into account the surface water demand of humans and freshwater biota. Both indices are computed and analyzed at the global scale, with a spatial resolution of roughly 50 km, for the period 1981–2010, using monthly time series of variables computed by the global water resources and the model WaterGAP2.2d. We found that the SMDAI and QDAI values are broadly similar to values of purely anomaly-based indices. However, the deficit anomaly indices provide more differentiated, spatial and temporal patterns that help to distinguish the degree of the actual drought hazard to vegetation health or the water supply. QDAI can be made relevant for stakeholders with different perceptions about the importance of ecosystem protection, by adopting the approach for computing the amount of water that is required to remain in the river for the well-being of the river ecosystem. Both deficit anomaly indices are well suited for inclusion in local or global drought risk studies.

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The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: Model description and evaluation

Cited by 54 publications

References 62 publications

Projected Changes in Compound Flood Hazard From Riverine and Coastal Floods in Northwestern Europe

Projected Changes in Compound Flood Hazard From Riverine and Coastal Floods in Northwestern Europe

Divergent Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage Across Global Arid and Humid Basins

Soil moisture and streamflow deficit anomaly index: An approach to quantify drought hazards by combining deficit and anomaly

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