The globalization of ayahuasca: Harm reduction or benefit maximization?

Tupper, Kenneth W.

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.11.001

Cited by 156 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The psychoactive effects of ayahuasca are qualitatively similar to those observed from drugs of the same pharmacological class, such as LSD and psilocybin (Tupper, 2008). The subjective effects of ayahuasca include visual hallucinations, synesthesia, intensification of affectivity up to ecstatic experiences, significant alterations of time and space perceptions and body image distortions, and feelings of alertness and stimulation (Callaway et al, 1999;McKenna, 2004;Tupper, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…C.V. Morton, Malpighiaceae, and Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav., Rubiaceae, which, respectively, contain the psychoactive chemicals β-carbolines and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (Tupper, 2008). It was initially used by indigenous peoples in shamanic rituals for spiritual purposes and in folk medicines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DMT is active when administered parenterally, but not orally because the gastrointestinal tract contains the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which metabolizes orally ingested DMT (Tupper, 2008). DMT is, therefore, only active in the presence of β-carbolines, such as harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine, since these are potent monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (Callaway, 2005;Callaway et al, 1999;Gable, 2007;Riba & Barbanoj, 2005;Riba et al, 2003;Tupper, 2008). The synergistic interaction of these alkaloids is the basis of the psychotropic action of ayahuasca (McKenna, 2004;Riba et al, 2003;Tupper, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DMT has high affi nity for 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the brain and moderate to low affi nity for the 5-HT1A receptor (Keiser et al, 2009). DMT is active when administered parenterally, but not orally because the gastrointestinal tract contains the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which metabolizes orally ingested DMT (Tupper, 2008). DMT is, therefore, only active in the presence of β-carbolines, such as harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine, since these are potent monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (Callaway, 2005;Callaway et al, 1999;Gable, 2007;Riba & Barbanoj, 2005;Riba et al, 2003;Tupper, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an hallucinogenic indole alkaloid, structurally related to the neurotransmitter serotonin (Callaway, 2005;Callaway et al, 1999;Gable, 2007;Riba & Barbanoj, 2005;Riba et al, 2003;Tupper, 2008). DMT has high affi nity for 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the brain and moderate to low affi nity for the 5-HT1A receptor (Keiser et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurobehavioral, reflexological and physical development of Wistar rat offspring exposed to ayahuasca during pregnancy and lactation

Oliveira¹,

Moreira²,

Yonamine³

2011

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage prepared by the decoction of plants native to the Amazon Basin region. The beverage has been used throughout the world by members of some syncretic religious movements. Despite the recent legalization of ayahuasca in Brazil for religious purposes, there is little pre-clinical and clinical information attesting to its safety, particularly in relation to the use during pregnancy. The aim of the current work was to determine the effects of perinatal exposure to ayahuasca (from the 6 th day of pregnancy to the 10 th day of lactation) on physical, reflexology and neurobehavioral parameters of the Wistar rat offspring. The offspring showed no statistically significant changes in the physical and reflexology parameters evaluated. However, in adult rats, perinatally exposed to ayahuasca, an increase in frequency of entries in open arms in elevated plus-maze test, a decrease in total time of interaction in social interaction test, a decrease in time of latency for the animal to start swimming and a decrease of the minimum convulsant dose induced by pentylenetetrazol were observed. In conclusion, our results showed that the use of ayahuasca by mothers during pregnancy and lactation reduced the general anxiety and social motivation of the rat offspring. Besides, it promoted a higher sensitivity for initiation and spread of seizure activity.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Neurobehavioral, reflexological and physical development of Wistar rat offspring exposed to ayahuasca during pregnancy and lactation

Oliveira¹,

Moreira²,

Yonamine³

2011

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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Ayahuasca, Harmala Alkaloids, and Dimethyltryptamines

Barceloux

2012

Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse

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Ayahuasca in Western society and the metacognitive counselling approach

Kawakami

Suzuki²

2023

Couns and Psychother Res

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Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic plant used throughout South America for religious, cultural and healing ceremonies. Previous studies have analysed it as a therapy method from either the microperspective, such as physiological and psychological effects of substance use, or the macroperspective, such as legal issues or cultural appropriation of ayahuasca by Westerners. There is a need to combine those two aspects to fully understand the effects of ayahuasca for therapists and clients in Western communities. By utilising an autoethnographic instrumental case study, we discuss the possible risk of ayahuasca gaining popularity in Western societies without an understanding of how the social context plays a tremendous part in healing using this method. We also discuss the risk of intrapsychic experiences brought about by ayahuasca that may deter individuals from seeking appropriate treatment. It is not our intention to present ayahuasca as an illegitimate or invalid method of healing; rather, we emphasise the importance of integrating micro‐ and macroperspectives in psychotherapy practice. We suggest that the metacognitive counselling approach be taken by both clients and therapists when adopting indigenous methods of therapy which may add a significantly positive effect. Although we hope this study offers realistic and lived experiences to generate pragmatic solutions for therapists and clients, we recognise that it is necessary to collect data from a larger number of both clients and therapists to better support our suggestion of the metacognitive counselling approach.

show abstract

The globalization of ayahuasca: Harm reduction or benefit maximization?

Cited by 156 publications

References 31 publications

Neurobehavioral, reflexological and physical development of Wistar rat offspring exposed to ayahuasca during pregnancy and lactation

Neurobehavioral, reflexological and physical development of Wistar rat offspring exposed to ayahuasca during pregnancy and lactation

Ayahuasca, Harmala Alkaloids, and Dimethyltryptamines

Ayahuasca in Western society and the metacognitive counselling approach

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