The Gould’s Belt Very Large Array Survey. Ii. The Serpens Region

Kounkel, Marina; Hartmann, L.; Loinard, Laurent; Mioduszewski, Amy J.; Dzib, S. A.; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Rodrı́guez, Luis F.; Pech, Gerardo; Rivera, Juana L.; Torres, Rosa M.; Boden, Andrew F.; Evans, Neal J.; Briceño, César; Tobin, John J.

doi:10.1088/0004-637x/805/1/9

Cited by 28 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…In this paper we present observations obtained with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) of the Perseus molecluar cloud and continue the work by Dzib et al (2013Dzib et al ( , 2015, Kounkel et al (2014), and Ortiz- León et al (2015) to discuss the population of radio sources in star-forming regions contained within Gould's Belt and identify adequate target candidates for very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations as part of the Gould's Belt Distance Survey (Loinard et al 2011). This survey is aimed at measuring the distance to about 200 young stars distributed across five regions in Gould's Belt (Ophiuchus, Taurus, Perseus, Serpens, and Orion).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Gould’s Belt Very Large Array Survey. V. The Perseus Region

Pech

Loinard

Dzib

et al. 2016

ApJ

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We present multiepoch, large-scale (∼2000 arcmin 2 ), fairly deep (∼16 μJy), high-resolution (∼1″) radio observations of the Perseus star-forming complex obtained with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array at frequencies of 4.5 and 7.5 GHz. These observations were mainly focused on the clouds NGC 1333 and IC 348, although we also observed several fields in other parts of the Perseus complex. We detect a total of 206 sources, 42 of which are associated with young stellar objects (YSOs). The radio properties of about 60% of the YSOs are compatible with a nonthermal radio emission origin. Based on our sample, we find a fairly clear relation between the prevalence of nonthermal radio emission and evolutionary status of the YSOs. By comparing our results with previously reported X-ray observations, we show that YSOs in Perseus follow a Güdel-Benz relation with κ = 0.03, consistent with other regions of star formation. We argue that most of the sources detected in our observations but not associated with known YSOs are extragalactic, but provide a list of 20 unidentified radio sources whose radio properties are consistent with being YSO candidates. Finally, we also detect five sources with extended emission features that can clearly be associated with radio galaxies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Gould’s Belt Very Large Array Survey. V. The Perseus Region

Pech

Loinard

Dzib

et al. 2016

ApJ

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“…Its core radius and mass were estimated from the CARMA observations to be ∼ 900 AU and 1.35 M ⊙ , respectively. However it was not detected by Spitzer (Enoch et al 2009;Evans et al 2009;Dunham et al 2015), in X ray (Giardino et al 2007), nor in 6 cm (Ortiz-León et al 2015). The latter two trace magnetic activities due to convection in a second core, i.e., protostar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

ALMA Observations of SMM11 Reveal an Extremely Young Protostar in Serpens Main Cluster

Aso¹,

Ohashi²,

Aikawa³

et al. 2017

ApJL

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We report the discovery of an extremely young protostar, SMM11, located in the associated submillimeter condensation in the Serpens Main cluster using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) during its Cycle 3 at 1.3 mm and an angular resolution of ∼ 0.′′ 5 ∼ 210 AU. SMM11 is a Class 0 protostar without any counterpart at 70 µm or shorter wavelengths. The ALMA observations show 1.3 mm continuum emission associated with a collimated 12 CO bipolar outflow. Spitzer and Herschel data show that SMM11 is extremely cold (T bol =26 K) and faint (L bol 0.9L ⊙ ). We estimate the inclination angle of the outflow to be ∼ 80 • , almost parallel to the plane of the sky, from simple fitting using wind-driven-shell model. The continuum visibilities consist of Gaussian and power-law components, suggesting a spherical envelope with a radius of ∼ 600 AU around the protostar. The estimated low C 18 O abundance, X(C 18 O)=1.5-3×10 −10 , is also consistent with its youth. The high outflow velocity, a few 10 km s −1 at a few 1000 AU, is much higher than theoretical simulations of first hydrostatic cores and we suggest that SMM11 is a transitional object right after the second collapse of the first core.

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“…Indeed, previous radio and x-ray studies adopt a distance of 600 pc to W40, although they admit the distance is poorly constrained (Kuhn et al 2010;Rodríguez et al 2010). Here, we adopt a distance of 429 pc to Serpens South, similar to other recent studies of the region (Ortiz- León et al 2015;Plunkett et al 2015a). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…If that distance is increased to 700 pc, that expectation falls to 0.12 mJy, which is out of their detection range but still well within ours, possibly explaining their lack of any YSO detections in the core of Serpens South. The fact that we only pick up a handful of detections with over a factor of two increase in sensitivity over Ortiz-León et al (2015) suggests that the distance to Serpens South is likely not what is causing our lack of YSO radio detections (assuming a spherical wind model), otherwise we would have likely detected many more Class I sources in the radio.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In addition, the radio fluxes of our YSO sources are for the most part weak, on the order of or less than one hundred micro-Janksy. Ortiz-León et al (2015) suggested that, assuming a spherical wind model and using Rodriguez et al (1989) as a guide, young YSOs in Serpens South are expected to emit about 0.34 mJy of thermal radio flux given a distance of 429 pc. If that distance is increased to 700 pc, that expectation falls to 0.12 mJy, which is out of their detection range but still well within ours, possibly explaining their lack of any YSO detections in the core of Serpens South.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radio Properties of Young Stellar Objects in the Core of the Serpens South Infrared Dark Cloud

Kern¹,

Keown²,

Tobin³

et al. 2016

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We present deep radio continuum observations of the star-forming core of the Serpens South Infrared Dark Cloud with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. Observations were conducted in two bands centered at 7.25 GHz (4.14 cm) and 4.75 GHz (6.31 cm) with a rms s of 8.5 and 11.1 μJy/beam, respectively. We also use 2MASS, Spitzer and Herschel data to put our radio observations in the context of young stellar populations characterized by near and far-infrared observations. Within a 5′×5′ region of interest around the central cluster, we detect roughly eighteen radio sources, seven of which we determine are protostellar in nature due to their radio spectral indices and their association with infrared sources. We find evidence for a previously undetected embedded Class 0 protostar and reaffirm Class 0 protostellar classifications determined by previous millimeter wavelength continuum studies. We use our infrared data to derive mid-infrared luminosities for three of our protostellar sources and find relative agreement between the known young stellar object (YSO) radio luminosity versus bolometric luminosity correlation. Lastly, we marginally detect an additional six radio sources at the 2-3σ level that lie within two arcseconds of infrared YSO candidates, providing motivation for higher sensitivity studies to clarify the nature of these sources and further probe embedded and/or low luminosity YSOs in Serpens South.

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The Gould’s Belt Very Large Array Survey. Ii. The Serpens Region

Cited by 28 publications

References 72 publications

The Gould’s Belt Very Large Array Survey. V. The Perseus Region

The Gould’s Belt Very Large Array Survey. V. The Perseus Region

ALMA Observations of SMM11 Reveal an Extremely Young Protostar in Serpens Main Cluster

Radio Properties of Young Stellar Objects in the Core of the Serpens South Infrared Dark Cloud

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