“…Furthermore, PIDA includes some suggestions about causal mechanisms, that is, generalizable ways in which the factors (and their interplay) may produce results. PIDA has so far been applied on a number of issues for analyzing the role and the interplay of the identified factors in the political decision-making process (e.g., Ladu, 2020;Töller & Böcher, 2018;Vogelpohl et al, 2021). However, in these studies, methodological questions that might come up when applying PIDA in case studies, that is, how causal relations can be established, have not yet been given much consideration.…”