The Grain for Green Project intensifies evapotranspiration in the revegetation area of the Loess Plateau in China

Wang, Yashu; Li, Xiaoyan; Shi, Fangzhong; Zhang, Shulei; Wu, Xiuchen

doi:10.1360/n972018-00515

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Table 1 summarizes major studies carried out for investigating hydrological consequences of LUCC in China, particularly in northern China. For instance, Wang et al (2019) found that the GFGP has resulted in noticeable increases in actual evapotranspiration (ET), a key component of surface energy balance and catchment water balance. Li, Liu, et al (2016) and Wang et al (2015) indicated that the GFGP has reduced catchment runoff and sediments in the Yellow River Basin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it is very challenging to evaluate LUCC impacts since there are usually only discrete LUCC data available. Most studies used two periods (the reference period from multiple years and the interested research period) of LUCC data to evaluate how LUCC change impacts on hydrological processes (Huang et al, 2005; Li et al, 2017; Li, Liu, et al, 2016; Wang et al, 2019). To fill the knowledge gap, this study uses continuous annual LUCC data (Sulla‐Menashe et al, 2019) together with a coupled GPP‐ET model (PML‐V2) (Zhang et al, 2019) to quantify the coupled impacts of LUCC on ET and GPP in northern China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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LUCC‐Driven Changes in Gross Primary Production and Actual Evapotranspiration in Northern China

Zhang

Shen

et al. 2020

JGR Atmospheres

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Gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) are the key variables in global carbon and water cycle, respectively. Therefore, it is important to understand how they respond to land use and land cover change (LUCC). Northern China has experienced dramatic LUCC because of a large‐scale ecological restoration project implemented since 1999. This study uses a diagnostic model (PML‐V2) driven by satellite data to quantify LUCC‐driven changes in GPP and ET, at 500 m resolution in northern China from 2004 to 2017. The results indicate that the GPP and ET of northern China has increased by 164 TgC year−1 and 13 km3 year−1. The GPP and ET are strongly increased in the Loess Plateau and Northeast China Plain in the research period, especially after 2009. Cropland has the highest GPP change of 184 gC m−2 year−1 was in Loess Plateau, followed by the Northeast China Plain (128 gC m−2 year−1) and then the Inner Mongolia Plateau (82 gC m−2 year−1). The highest ET increase of 45 mm year−1 occurs in shrubland in the Loess Plateau, followed by the increase of 20 mm year−1 in the Northeast China Plain. The increase in leaf area index is the major cause of GPP and ET increases for these regions. Our results suggest that it is necessary to carefully plan the afforestation and other land use change patterns for sustainable water resources management.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LUCC‐Driven Changes in Gross Primary Production and Actual Evapotranspiration in Northern China

Zhang

Shen

et al. 2020

JGR Atmospheres

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“…However, vegetation growth increases regional evapotranspiration (ET) by changing surface roughness, surface reflectivity, interception of precipitation, and transpiration [28], which further aggravates regional water shortages [29] and the degree of drought [30]. Similar results have been reported by other researchers [31,32]. Drought is a major meteorological disaster affecting socioeconomic and natural ecosystems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Watershed Drought and Ecosystem Services: Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Gray Relational Analysis

Bai

Zhou

Zou

et al. 2021

IJGI

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This study explored the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought and ecosystem services (using soil conservation services as an example) in the YanHe Watershed, which is a typical water basin in the Loess Plateau of China, experiencing soil erosion. Herein, soil conservation was simulated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and the relationship between drought, soil conservation services, and meteorological, vegetation, and other factors since the implementation of the ‘Grain for Green’ Project (GFGP) in 1999, were analyzed using the gray relational analysis (GRA) method. The results showed that: (1) The vegetation cover of the Watershed has increased significantly, and evapotranspiration (ET) increased by 14.35 mm·a−1, thereby increasing water consumption by 8.997 × 108 m3·a−1 (compared to 2000). (2) Drought affected 63.86% of the watershed area, gradually worsening from south to north; it decreased in certain middle areas but increased in the humid areas on the southern edge. (3) The watershed soil conservation services, measured by the soil conservation modulus (SCM), increased steadily from 116.87 t·ha−1·a−1 in 2000 to 412.58 t·ha−1·a−1 in 2015, at a multi-year average of 235.69 t·ha−1·a−1, and indicated great spatial variations, with a large variation in the downstream and small variations in the upstream and midstream areas. (4) Integrating normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data into SWAT model improved the model simulation accuracy; during the calibration period, the coefficient of determination (R2) increased from 0.63 to 0.76 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) from 0.46 to 0.51; and during the validation period, the R2 increased from 0.82 to 0.93 and the NSE from 0.57 to 0.61. (5) The GRA can be applied to gray control systems, such as the ecosystem; herein, vegetation cover and drought primarily affected ET and soil conservation services. The analysis results showed that vegetation restoration enhanced the soil conservation services, but increased ET and aggravated drought to a certain extent. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in vegetation coverage and the response of ET to vegetation restoration in the YanHe Watershed, to verify the significant role of vegetation restoration in restraining soil erosion and evaluate the extent of water resource consumption due to ET in the semi-arid and semi-humid Loess-area basin during the GFGP period. Thus, this approach may effectively provide a scientific basis for evaluating the ecological effects of the GFGP and formulating policies to identify the impact of human ecological restoration on ecosystem services.

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“…From Table 2, the slight changes of land use in upper Taohe River basin indicated that this region kept stable natural situation with fewer human activities. ese good effects also were attested to the success of Chinese Government that began implementing the Grain-for-Green (GFG) Program in 1999 to alleviate severe land degradation in Loess Plateau, which mandated converting steeply sloping croplands to forestlands or grasslands as well as afforestation [42]. For example, Li et al [24] found that NDVI and vegetation coverage had an obvious growth trend with the implementation of ecological engineering and vegetation conditions in Taohe River area.…”

Section: Variations Of Et and Pet Under The Differentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration in the Upper Taohe River Basin from 2001 to 2018 Based on MOD16 ET Data

Cheng

Yang

Wang

et al. 2020

Advances in Meteorology

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Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of watershed hydrological cycle. Spatial-temporal variations analyses of evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration (PET) have remarkable theoretical and practical significances for understanding the interaction between climate changes and hydrological cycle and optimal allocation of water resources under global warming background. The MODIS-estimated ET agreed well with basin evapotranspiration from water balance principle methods in the study. The spatiotemporal variations results based on MOD16 ET data showed the following: (1) multiyear mean ET and PET were 464.2 mm and 1192.2 mm, and annual ET showed an upward trend at a rate of 3.48 mm/a, while PET decreased significantly at a rate of −8.18 mm/a. The annual ET trend showed a complemental relationship with PET; (2) at the seasonal scale, ET was highest in summer and least in winter, while PET was higher in spring and summer. The change of ET and PET in spring and summer had a great contribution to the annual variations; (3) ET and PET in the northern part were significantly stronger than those in the western and southern parts; (4) ET in cropland increased significantly, while PET decreased obviously in grass and forest; (5) changes of ET and PET were closely related to climatic factors. The rise in temperature caused the increase in ET and the decrease of wind speed contributed more to the decrease in PET. The results can provide a scientific basis for water resources planning and management.

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The Grain for Green Project intensifies evapotranspiration in the revegetation area of the Loess Plateau in China

Cited by 21 publications

References 5 publications

LUCC‐Driven Changes in Gross Primary Production and Actual Evapotranspiration in Northern China

LUCC‐Driven Changes in Gross Primary Production and Actual Evapotranspiration in Northern China

Watershed Drought and Ecosystem Services: Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Gray Relational Analysis

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration in the Upper Taohe River Basin from 2001 to 2018 Based on MOD16 ET Data

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