The Growth of Bacteria in Intravenous Glyceryl Trinitrate and in Sodium Nitroprusside

The potential of nitric oxide releasing therapies as antimicrobial agents

“…Organic nitrates only release NO in tissues expressing the enzyme mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, but this enzyme is irreversibly inactivated with use and causes tachyphylaxis (also known as nitrite/nitrate tolerance) 60 . These drugs have limited antibacterial and biofilm disrupting properties 61 , 62 and are unlikely to be used as antibacterial agents given their potent cardiovascular effects.…”

Lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA®) has an antibacterial effect in vitro

“…5 Mueller-Hinton broth (Oxoid) was inoculated with each organism and incubated overnight at 37 8C. The cultures were diluted to a density of 0.5 McFarland units (1.5 £ 10 8 /mL) with sterile non-bacteriostatic 0.9% saline.…”

“…3,4 Additionally, in a few long-lasting outbreaks a mutation from the original clone was probable. 5,6 Magalhães et al 1 reported that all identified clones (three different strains of B. cepacia) were detected in water samples from haemodialysis equipment or rooms. However, the authors did not clarify whether all three clones were present simultaneously in one or more environmental sources, or different clones were present in different and separate sources.…”

Effect of Glyceryl Trinitrate on Staphylococcus aureus Growth and Leukocyte Activation during Simulated Extracorporeal Circulation

“…GTN in different physiological saline solutions was bactericidal. 7 In this study, though, for the first time, we have shown that GTN does not affect S. aureus growth in whole blood during SECC. During our experiment, we also screened several important proteins and markers involved in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes in response to S. aureus infection, which has allowed us to address the question whether or not GTN addition may affect the activity of the innate immune system.…”

“…GTN has been shown to exert a potent inhibitory effect on bacterial growth, including S. aureus, in sodium chloride 0.9%, glucose 5%, ethanol 10%, and Mueller-Hinton broth. 7 Peroxynitrite is a NO-derived oxidant, formed during the reaction between NO and superoxide radicals, acting as a key component of nitroxidative stress associated with pathophysiological conditions such as inflammatory or cardiovascular disorders. Peroxynitrite demonstrates very strong bactericidal potential, which magnitude depends on many complex factors of kinetics and cellular radical milieu.…”