The growth of carbon nanoparticles during the detonation of trinitrotoluene

Рубцов, И. А.; Тен, К. А.; Pruuél, É. R.; Kashkarov, A. O.; Tolochko, B.P.; Zhulanov, V.; Piminov, P.

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/754/5/052004

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…By probing times closer to the arrival of the detonation front, our measurements were capable of observing the growth of carbon clusters, albeit for a different HE (Figure ). These results on PBX 9502 appear to be in stark contrast to earlier TR-SAXS results which suggested much slower formation of carbon products with growth continuing up to ∼1–10 μs after arrival of the detonation front. ,,− It should be noted that the experiments on HNS and the experiments on PBX 9502 presented here were designed to investigate the clustering and formation of the dense primary carbon particles and not their subsequent aggregation into extended networks. While the growth of the primary carbon particles was observed to cease rapidly, carbon aggregation in networks may persist for significantly longer times.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

“…Specifically, TR-SAXS based measurements performed by Ten et al, Pruuel et al, and Rubtsov et al. suggest that the formation of carbon clusters several nanometers in diameter occurs over the course of several microseconds after the detonation front, ,,− whereas the Shaw–Johnson model predicted 1–2 orders of magnitude shorter formation times. For example, Ten et al reported maximum cluster diameters of ∼2.6 nm after >4 μs in a TATB-based explosive in explosive charges larger than those studied here with 0.5 μs sampling rates .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SAXS scattering technique allowed the structure of carbon clusters to be probed at the nano to meso length scales, providing details about the average particle size and composition. In particular, TR-SAXS was used to answer whether there is substantial growth of carbon clusters in the ∼50–2000 ns time scale for comparison to previous indirect measurements, ,,, recent TR-SAXS measurements, as well as modeling efforts, , or if carbon cluster formation continues into the microsecond time scale. ,,− The data were interpreted by a modification of the Shaw–Johnson model to understand the interplay between finite charge size, and how temporal dynamics of thermodynamic fields (e.g., pressure, density) affect the dynamics of carbon clustering. Together with TR-SAXS data, this modeling clarifies the important time scales of carbon cluster formation and provides insights into the chemical and physical transformation associated with detonation of insensitive carbon-rich HEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

et al. 2017

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The detonation of carbon-rich high explosives yields solid carbon as a major constituent of the product mixture, and depending on the thermodynamic conditions behind the shock front, a variety of carbon allotropes and morphologies may form and evolve. We applied time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (TR-SAXS) to investigate the dynamics of carbon clustering during detonation of PBX 9502, an explosive composed of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and 5 wt % fluoropolymer binder. Solid carbon formation was probed from 0.1 to 2.0 μs behind the detonation front and revealed rapid carbon cluster growth which reached a maximum after ∼200 ns. The late-time carbon clusters had a radius of gyration of 3.3 nm which is consistent with 8.4 nm diameter spherical particles and matched particle sizes of recovered products. Simulations using a clustering kinetics model were found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements of cluster growth when invoking a freeze-out temperature, and temporal shift associated with the initial precipitation of solid carbon. Product densities from reactive flow models were compared to the electron density contrast obtained from TR-SAXS, and used to approximate the carbon cluster composition as a mixture of 20% highly ordered (diamond-like) and 80% disordered carbon forms, which will inform future product equation of state models for solid carbon in PBX 9502 detonation product mixtures.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

et al. 2017

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“…With SAXS data, the particle size distribution can be resolved and manifests as multiple and adjacent Guinier regions in the portion of the I ( q ) curve that is associated with the particle size ( q ∼ 2π/diameter). Quantification can be problematic, however, due to diverse candidate models of the DND morphology that include spherical diamond, a diamond with an amorphous shell gradient or otherwise non-Porod surface, two-dimensional diamond particles, and hollow spheres. , Other more general approaches, such as a Guinier plot, also present challenges because one has to choose the appropriate q -range that follows the Guinier approximation, rather than fitting the entire measured q -range. Most of these models fit reasonably well to what is usually a smooth curve that contains a broadened Guinier knee with high- q deviations from Porod scattering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these models fit reasonably well to what is usually a smooth curve that contains a broadened Guinier knee with high- q deviations from Porod scattering. In this study, the DND particle morphology is resolved by accounting for model ambiguity and additionally accounts for the effects of X-ray polychromaticity, which has largely been ignored in the literature to date. ,,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resolving Detonation Nanodiamond Size Evolution and Morphology at Sub-Microsecond Timescales during High-Explosive Detonations

et al. 2019

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Characterization of the initial morphology of detonation nanodiamond (DND) has been the focus of many research studies that aim to develop a fundamental understanding of carbon condensation under extreme conditions. Identifying the pathways of DND formation has the potential for significant impact on many of the controlled synthesis of nanoscale carbon with a tailored functionality; currently, a wide range of possible (and conflicting) mechanisms of nucleation and growth have been proposed, and further research is essential. Building a comprehensive understanding of DND formation is challenging because it requires in situ characterization on the sub-microsecond (sub-μs) timescale during a high-explosive detonation. In this study, time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (TR-SAXS) is used to reveal the early-stage DND morphology from <0.1 to 6 μs after the detonation front passes through the X-ray beam path. We address the ambiguity of models previously reported for the analysis of small-angle scattering from DND by comparing (i) in situ, TR-SAXS recorded during early-stage particulate formation and (ii) ex situ SAXS and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements of products recovered from detonation of the same high explosive within a carefully designed ice chamber. The SAXS from both late-time (>1 μs) in situ and recovered DND exhibits consistent features in the I(q) curve. Such a close similarity allows a high-fidelity SAXS model derived from the ex situ SAXS and TEM measurements to be applied to the in situ data, which yields new insight into the early-stage (<1 μs) morphology of DND. Our analysis indicates that the size distribution of DND particles is observed within 0.1 μs postdetonation, which indicates that carbon is condensed within the reaction zone. Between 0.1 and 0.3 μs, the mean size of the diamond particles increases slightly toward 4 nm, and evidence of surface texture is observed. Based on TEM imaging, this surface texture consists of hemispherical protrusions that extend ∼1 nm from the surface. Beyond 0.3 μs, neither the mean size of the diamond core nor the surface texture changes significantly for several microseconds after the detonation. Combined with thermochemical simulations, these results indicate that during detonation of composition B, carbon is condensed into nanoscale diamond much faster than that previously reported in other studies. Furthermore, the surface texture of the DND is shown to arise during condensation rather than via subsequent graphitization.

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Extreme condition nanocarbon formation under air and argon atmospheres during detonation of composition B-3

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Ringstrand

Dattelbaum

et al. 2018

Carbon

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The growth of carbon nanoparticles during the detonation of trinitrotoluene

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

Resolving Detonation Nanodiamond Size Evolution and Morphology at Sub-Microsecond Timescales during High-Explosive Detonations

Extreme condition nanocarbon formation under air and argon atmospheres during detonation of composition B-3

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