The gut barrier and chronic diseases

Santilli, Anthony; Stefanopoulos, Stavros; Cresci, Gail

doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000820

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Whilst our combined stress test produced a clear increase in gastrointestinal permeability, analysis of zonulin both in plasma and faeces indicates that a decline in function of this tight junction protein was not a major contributor. There are many other possible explanations for the increase in gastrointestinal permeability, including decline in function of other tight junction proteins (such as claudin and occludin), ischaemic injury to mucus‐producing cells, 44 and/or acute stress‐induced disturbance of the gastrointestinal microbiome 45 . Future studies should consider exploring these alternate explanations for the increase in gastrointestinal permeability following combined transport and exercise in horses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combination of trailer transport and exercise increases gastrointestinal permeability and markers of systemic inflammation in horses

McGilloway

Manley

Aho

et al. 2022

Equine Veterinary Journal

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BackgroundLeaky gut syndrome (LGS) is an idiopathic disorder characterised by alterations in intestinal permeability and low‐grade systemic inflammation. Factors contributing to development of LGS are not well‐understood but physiological stressors such as exercise and transport may play a role which may be of pathophysiological relevance in horses.ObjectivesTo characterise the combined effect of transport stress and exercise on gastrointestinal permeability, and to determine whether these effects are associated with increased inflammatory biomarkers in plasma.Study designControlled, randomised and cross‐over study.MethodsHorses (n = 8 per group) were given a gastrointestinal permeability tracer (iohexol; 5.6% solution; 1 ml/kg bwt) via nasogastric entubation prior to being assigned to a stressed (EX; 1 h of trailer transport immediately followed by 30 min moderate intensity exercise; n = 4) or sedentary control (CON; n = 4) group. Plasma samples were obtained prior to iohexol administration (P1), after transport (P2), at exercise cessation (P3), and at 1 (P4), 2 (P5), 4 (P6) and 8 (P7) hours after cessation of exercise and were analysed for iohexol, inflammatory biomarkers (SAA, LPS, IFABP and LBP) and tight junction proteins (zonulin). Faecal samples were collected at times corresponding to before and after stress from both groups and analysed for zonulin. Data were analysed using a 2‐way RM ANOVA.ResultsIn EX horses, a significant increase in iohexol was observed at P2 (1.5 ± 0.24 μg/ml; p = 0.03), P3 (2.1 ± 0.29 μg/ml; p < 0.001), P4 (2.1 ± 0.17 μg/ml; p < 0.001) compared with P1 (0.7 ± 0.21 μg/ml); iohexol was significantly higher in EX than CON horses at P3 (p < 0.001), P4 (p < 0.001) and P5 (p = 0.003). LPS and SAA were significantly higher in EX than CON at P4 (p < 0.001) and P6 (p = 0.04), respectively.Main limitationsData from our small sample size may not be generalisable to the larger equine population.ConclusionsCombined transport and exercise increases gastrointestinal permeability and systemic SAA and LPS. The model described herein may be useful in further studies on the role of alterations in gastrointestinal permeability in equine disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combination of trailer transport and exercise increases gastrointestinal permeability and markers of systemic inflammation in horses

McGilloway

Manley

Aho

et al. 2022

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…The mucus layer and the intestinal apical junctional protein complex make up the complex gut barrier, which protects host health from many acute and chronic illnesses [ 126 ]. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colon cancer, and many other illnesses were related to damage to the gut barrier [ 127 ].…”

Section: Mechanism Of the Anti-diabetic Effects Of Polysaccharides Th...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated Progress on Polysaccharides with Anti-Diabetic Effects through the Regulation of Gut Microbiota: Sources, Mechanisms, and Structure–Activity Relationships

Zhang,

Wang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic metabolic disease worldwide. The disturbance of the gut microbiota has a complex influence on the development of DM. Polysaccharides are one type of the most important natural components with anti-diabetic effects. Gut microbiota can participate in the fermentation of polysaccharides, and through this, polysaccharides regulate the gut microbiota and improve DM. This review begins by a summary of the sources, anti-diabetic effects and the gut microbiota regulation functions of natural polysaccharides. Then, the mechanisms of polysaccharides in regulating the gut microbiota to exert anti-diabetic effects and the structure–activity relationship are summarized. It is found that polysaccharides from plants, fungi, and marine organisms show great hypoglycemic activities and the gut microbiota regulation functions. The mechanisms mainly include repairing the gut burrier, reshaping gut microbiota composition, changing the metabolites, regulating anti-inflammatory activity and immune function, and regulating the signal pathways. Structural characteristics of polysaccharides, such as monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and type of glycosidic linkage, show great influence on the anti-diabetic activity of polysaccharides. This review provides a reference for the exploration and development of the anti-diabetic effects of polysaccharides.

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“…Occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules and zonulin are the most important proteins of this type. SCFA metabolites regulate the expression of tight junction proteins in the intestinal wall, which makes gut-wall permeability directly dependent on the SCFA-producing microbiome [ 37 ].…”

Section: The Bidirectional Relationship Between Gut Dysbiosis Anxiety...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Intertwining Roads between Psychological Distress and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Gîlcă-Blanariu,

Șchiopu,

Ștefănescu

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Inflammatory bowel disease represents one of the most life-altering gastrointestinal pathologies, with its multifactorial nature and unclear physiopathology. The most relevant clinical forms, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, clinically manifest with mild to severe flares and remission periods that alter the patient’s social, familial and professional integration. The chronic inflammatory activity of the intestinal wall determines severe modifications of the local environment, such as dysbiosis, enteric endocrine, nervous and immune system disruptions and intestinal wall permeability changes. These features are part of the gastrointestinal ecosystem that modulates the bottom-to-top signaling to the central nervous system, leading to a neurobiologic imbalance and clinical affective and/or behavioral symptoms. The gut-brain link is a bidirectional pathway and psychological distress can also affect the central nervous system, which will alter the top-to-bottom regulation, leading to possible functional digestive symptoms and local inflammatory responses. In the middle of this neuro-gastrointestinal system, the microbiome is a key player, as its activities offer basic functional support for both relays. The present article presents current scientific information that links the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of inflammatory bowel disease and psychiatric symptomatology through the complex mechanism of the gut-brain axis and the modulatory effects of the gut microbiota.

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The gut barrier and chronic diseases

Cited by 8 publications

References 60 publications

The combination of trailer transport and exercise increases gastrointestinal permeability and markers of systemic inflammation in horses

The combination of trailer transport and exercise increases gastrointestinal permeability and markers of systemic inflammation in horses

Updated Progress on Polysaccharides with Anti-Diabetic Effects through the Regulation of Gut Microbiota: Sources, Mechanisms, and Structure–Activity Relationships

The Intertwining Roads between Psychological Distress and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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