The Gut–Brain Axis, Paving the Way to Brain Cancer

Mehrian‐Shai, Ruty; Reichardt, Juergen K.V.; Harris, Curtis C.; Toren, Amos

doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2019.02.008

Cited by 76 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Recent studies demonstrate how certain microbial strains affect survival in melanoma and epithelial tumors treated with immunotherapy [ 19 , 20 ]. It is conceivable that similar findings may occur in CNS malignancies and potentially affect survival, via immunomodulatory responses through metabolites, neurotransmitters and cytokines [ 29 ]. However, further study of the relationship between CNS malignancies, metabolites, microbiome and response to treatment are warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glioma induced alterations in fecal short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters

et al. 2020

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Aim: To explore fecal short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitter alterations in a mouse–glioma model and glioma patients. Methods: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA-sequencing from fecal samples were performed to measure metabolite levels and taxa abundance in mice/humans. Mice underwent GL261 implantation with/without temozolomide. Glioma patients were compared with healthy controls. Results: Glioma altered several short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitter levels. Reduced 5-hydroxyindoleaceic acid and norepinephrine levels were seen in mice and humans. Interestingly, temozolomide treatment abrogates the effects of glioma on fecal metabolites. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the interplay between glioma and the gut–brain axis. Further work is required to identify pathways within the gut–brain axis by which glioma influences and promotes the modulation of fecal metabolites and microbiome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glioma induced alterations in fecal short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters

et al. 2020

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“…TGF-β strongly inhibits cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferation, and T cell differentiation. In contrast, IL-2 and IL-12 are released from Th 1 cells in normal tissues and are absent in glioblastoma tumors (Mehrian-Shai et al, 2019; Figure 1).…”

Section: Gut Dysbiosis and Microglial Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, healthy individuals and cancer patients have different microbial flora in terms of population and diversity (Xuan et al, 2014). The influence of gut microbiota in various cancers has been extensively studied (Loo et al, 2017;Mehrian-Shai et al, 2019;Wong et al, 2019). However, its possible association with brain cancer is a new topic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gut Microbiota, Kynurenine Pathway, and Immune System Interaction in the Development of Brain Cancer

Dehhaghi

Panahi

Heng

et al. 2020

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Human gut microbiota contains a large, complex, dynamic microbial community of approximately 10 14 microbes from more than 1,000 microbial species, i.e., equivalent to 4 × 10 6 genes. Numerous evidence links gut microbiota with human health and diseases. Importantly, gut microbiota is involved in the development and function of the brain through a bidirectional pathway termed as the gut-brain axis. Interaction between gut microbiota and immune responses can modulate the development of neuroinflammation and cancer diseases in the brain. With respect of brain cancer, gut microbiota could modify the levels of antioxidants, amyloid protein and lipopolysaccharides, arginase 1, arginine, cytochrome C, granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling (GM-CSF), IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-17A, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (e.g., nitric oxide and peroxynitrite), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan, and tumor necrosis factor-β (TGF-β). Through these modifications, gut microbiota can modulate apoptosis, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), autophagy, caspases activation, DNA integrity, microglia dysbiosis, mitochondria permeability, T-cell proliferation and functions, the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways, and tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. The outcome of such interventions could be either oncolytic or oncogenic. This review scrutinizes the oncogenic and oncolytic effects of gut microbiota by classifying the modification mechanisms into (i) amino acid deprivation (arginine and tryptophan); (ii) kynurenine pathway; (iii) microglia dysbiosis; and (iv) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). By delineating the complexity of the gutmicrobiota-brain-cancer axis, this review aims to help the research on the development of novel therapeutic strategies that may aid the efficient eradication of brain cancers.

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“…Several studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota is also correlated with tumor development [58,59,60]. Recently, different reports have described the existence of a so called “gut-brain axis”, showing that the dysregulation of the gut microbiota may lead to the alterations of several processes predisposing to the development of a number of nervous system diseases, including cancer [61,62]. Moreover, individual genetic background may be linked to the prognosis of patients.…”

Section: Introduction: Glioblastoma Multiformementioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Future Trends on Diagnosis and Prognosis of Glioblastoma: From Molecular Biology to Proteomics

Silantyev

Falzone

Libra

et al. 2019

Cells

190

139

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Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive malignant tumor of the central nervous system. Due to the absence of effective pharmacological and surgical treatments, the identification of early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is of key importance to improve the survival rate of patients and to develop new personalized treatments. On these bases, the aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the application of molecular biology and proteomics techniques for the identification of novel biomarkers through the analysis of different biological samples obtained from glioblastoma patients, including DNA, microRNAs, proteins, small molecules, circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, etc. Both benefits and pitfalls of molecular biology and proteomics analyses are discussed, including the different mass spectrometry-based analytical techniques, highlighting how these investigation strategies are powerful tools to study the biology of glioblastoma, as well as to develop advanced methods for the management of this pathology.

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The Gut–Brain Axis, Paving the Way to Brain Cancer

Cited by 76 publications

References 84 publications

Glioma induced alterations in fecal short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters

Glioma induced alterations in fecal short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters

The Gut Microbiota, Kynurenine Pathway, and Immune System Interaction in the Development of Brain Cancer

Current and Future Trends on Diagnosis and Prognosis of Glioblastoma: From Molecular Biology to Proteomics

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