The Gut Ecosystem: A Critical Player in Stroke

Jiménez, Rosa Delgado; Benakis, Corinne

doi:10.1007/s12017-020-08633-z

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…As increased levels of SCFAs from FMT recipient models have been shown to increase positive outcomes from neurologic injury, researchers have recently begun experimenting with orally administered SCFAs in animal neurologic injury models [ 114 , 115 , 116 ]. In 2020, Sadler et al [ 117 ] treated mice with 4 weeks of oral SCFA supplementation before implementation of experimental stroke.…”

Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury

et al. 2022

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Communication between the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic neurological inputs of the gut regulate blood flow, peristalsis, hormone release, and immunological function. The health of the gut microbiome plays a vital role in regulating the overall function and well-being of the individual. Microbes release short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that regulate G-protein-coupled receptors to mediate hormone release, neurotransmitter release (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, and histamine), and regulate inflammation and mood. Further gaseous factors (i.e., nitric oxide) are important in regulating inflammation and have a response in injury. Neurologic injuries such as ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular lesions can all lead to gut dysbiosis. Additionally, unfavorable alterations in the composition of the microbiota may be associated with increased risk for these neurologic injuries due to increased proinflammatory molecules and clotting factors. Interventions such as probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and oral SCFAs have been shown to stabilize and improve the composition of the microbiome. However, the effect this has on neurologic injury prevention and recovery has not been studied extensively. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the complex relationship between the nervous system and the microbiome and to report how neurologic injury modulates the status of the microbiome. Finally, we will propose various interventions that may be beneficial in the recovery from neurologic injury.

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Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury

et al. 2022

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“…In stroke, attention has recently focused on the lung and the gut, two immunogenic organs central to the maintenance of host defence. The gut-immune brain axis with respect to stroke and other neurological disorders has been the subject of extensive review [188][189][190]. though studies examining the lung are comparatively few.…”

Section: Lung Immunity and Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic innate myeloid responses to acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke

et al. 2022

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Acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke account for significant disability and morbidity burdens worldwide. The myeloid arm of the peripheral innate immune system is critical in the immunological response to acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC) contribute to the evolution of pathogenic local and systemic inflammation, whilst maintaining a critical role in ongoing immunity protecting against secondary infections. This review aims to summarise the key alterations to myeloid immunity in acute ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). By integrating clinical and preclinical research, we discover how myeloid immunity is affected across multiple organ systems including the brain, blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lung, and evaluate how these perturbations associate with real-world outcomes including infection. These findings are placed in the context of the rapidly developing field of human immunology, which offers a wealth of opportunity for further research.

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“…Stroke induces significant gut microbial dysbiosis that influences the post-stroke pathophysiology. 1 As brain damage evolves rapidly during the first day after a stroke, the changes during the acute period are critical for therapeutic interventions. 2 Patients with gut hemorrhage, dysbiosis, translocation of gut bacteria, and gut bacteria-induced sepsis exhibit delayed recovery, worse neurological outcomes, and a higher rate of mortality after stroke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut virome dysbiosis following focal cerebral ischemia in mice

Chelluboina

Kieft

Breister

et al. 2022

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Stroke leads to gut bacterial dysbiosis that impacts the post-stroke outcome. The gut microbiome also contains a high abundance of viruses which might play a crucial role in disease progression and recovery by modulating the metabolism of both host and host’s gut bacteria. We presently analyzed the virome composition (viruses and phages) by shotgun metagenomics in the fecal samples obtained at 1 day of reperfusion following transient focal ischemia in adult mice. Viral genomes, viral auxiliary metabolic genes, and viral protein networks were compared between stroke and sham conditions (stroke vs sham, exclusive to sham and exclusive to stroke). Following focal ischemia, abundances of 2 viral taxa decreased, and 5 viral taxa increased compared with the sham. Furthermore, the abundance of Clostridia-like phages and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae-like phages were altered in the stroke compared with the sham cohorts. This is the first report to show that the gut virome responds acutely to stroke.

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The Gut Ecosystem: A Critical Player in Stroke

Cited by 19 publications

References 39 publications

Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury

Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury

Systemic innate myeloid responses to acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke

Gut virome dysbiosis following focal cerebral ischemia in mice

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