The Gut Microbiome and Xenobiotics: Identifying Knowledge Gaps

Sutherland, Vicki; McQueen, Charlene A.; Mendrick, Donna L.; Gulezian, Donna; Cerniglia, Carl E.; Foley, Steven L.; Forry, Sam; Khare, Sangeeta; Liang, Xue; Manautou, José E.; Tweedie, Donald J.; Young, Howard A.; Alekseyenko, Alexander V.; Burns, Frank R.; Dietert, Rod; Wilson, Alan G. E.; Chen, Connie

doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfaa060

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…In return, gut bacteria can bio-transform and metabolize exogenous substances [ 124 ]. There is growing concern that exposure to xenobiotics may affect human health and lead to neurodegenerative conditions [ 125 , 126 ]. Exposure to xenobiotic substances alters the gut microbiota composition in animal models of neurodegenerative conditions.…”

Section: The Microbiota Gut–brain Axis Mechanisms In Neurodegenerativ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent pathways of the gut microbiota–brain axis and neurodegenerative disorders

Gubert

Gasparotto

Morais

2022

Gastroenterology Report

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Recent research has been uncovering the role of the gut microbiota for brain health and disease. These studies highlight the role of gut microbiota on regulating brain function and behavior through immune, metabolic, and neuronal pathways. In this review we provide an overview of the gut microbiota axis pathways to lay the groundwork for upcoming sessions on the links between the gut microbiota and neurogenerative disorders. We also discuss how the gut microbiota may act as an intermediate factor between the host and the environment to mediate disease onset and neuropathology. Based on the current literature, we further examine the potential for different microbiota-based therapeutic strategies to prevent, to modify, or to halt the progress of neurodegeneration.

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Section: The Microbiota Gut–brain Axis Mechanisms In Neurodegenerativ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent pathways of the gut microbiota–brain axis and neurodegenerative disorders

Gubert

Gasparotto

Morais

2022

Gastroenterology Report

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“…[ [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] 5. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are completely noncommunicable.…”

Section: Disappearing Dogmasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the legacy of failure to identify prior risk to the human microbiome, as drugs, food, food additives and environmental chemicals were approved for use, means that countless drugs, food and food additives, and environmental chemicals are utilized that are toxic for human commensal microbiota. It means that we must think well beyond just antibiotics for products that damage/ destroy the human microbiome and promote both .communicable diseases and NCDs [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62].…”

Section: Dogma #4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Twentieth Century Dogmas Prevent Sustainable Healthcare

Dietert

2021

AJBSR

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One of the major impediments to sustainable healthcare is a rigid adherence to several outdated twentieth century scientific dogmas. At the center of these pre-microbiome dogmas is the mischaracterization of humans by much of the healthcare industry. We have been and, in many cases continue to be, viewed as a single species rather than a microbiome-driven, multi-species superorganism containing trillions of microbial co-partners. This prior and ongoing misunderstanding of the basic biology of humans across broad sectors of medicine, the healthcare industry, public health and governmental officials and some patients resulted in errors. These errors were not only in delivered healthcare but also in safety evaluations to protect human health (i.e., food, drug, and environmental chemical safety assessment which did not take inconsideration the microbiome). The continued pursuit of preventative and therapeutic medicine using the single-species fallacy (and ignoring the fact that we a majority microbial by both genes and cells) has ramifications. It spurs on the epidemic of noncommunicable diseases and conditions (NCDs) as well as the loss of human microbiota needed for colonization resistance against pathobionts. This opinion paper: a) Describes the scientific evidence that repudiates seven outdated scientific dogmas. b) Explains why these archaic dogmas should no longer drive healthcare and c) Indicates why they must be discarded for real gains to be made in the sustainability of healthcare. Additionally, two last-century erroneous assumptions are discussed.These old-school scientific assumptions about the relationship between immune dysfunction and human disease affect when and how regulated safety assessment for the immune system (Immunotoxicity Testing) would be performed. These two assumptions need to be reversed and more relevant and timely immunotoxicity assessment needs to be required by regulatory agencies to protect the human superorganism.

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“…Other methods for collecting human stool for microbiome analysis involve using swabs [3][4][5], toilet paper wipes [6,7], scoops [8], and containers to collect whole stools which can then be used in toto or subsampled with scoops or swabs [9,10], Comparison of these sampling methods have shown disparity in microbiome composition [11,12]. Standardization of sample collection was identified as one of the key knowledge gaps in microbiome research [11,[13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerating Gut Microbiome Research with Robust Sample Collection

Zreloff¹,

Lange²,

Vernon³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background. Inferior quality of biological material compromises data, slows discovery, and wastes research funds. The gut microbiome plays a critical role in human health and disease, yet little attention has been given to optimizing collection and processing methods of human stool. Methods. We collected the entire bowel movement from 2 healthy volunteers: one to examine stool sample heterogeneity and one to test stool sample handling parameters. Sequencing and bi-oinformatic analyses were used to examine the microbiome composition. Results. The microbiome profile varied depending on where the subsample was obtained from the stool. The exterior cortex of the stool was rich in specific phyla and deficient in others while the interior core of the stool revealed opposite microbiome profiles. Sample processing also re-sulted in varying microbiome profiles. Homogenization and stabilization at 4°C gave superior microbial diversity profiles compared to the fresh or frozen subsamples of the same stool sample. Bacterial proliferation continued in the fresh subsample when processed at ambient temperature. Bacteroidetes proliferated and Firmicutes diminished during the 30-minute processing of fresh sample. The frozen sample had good overall diversity but Proteobacteria diminished likely be-cause of the freeze/thaw. Conclusions. The microbiome profile is specific to the section of the stool being sampled. Stool sample collection, homogenization, and stabilization at 4°C for 24 hours provides a “neat”, high-quality sample of sufficient quantity that can be banked into aliquots with nearly identical microbial diversity profiles. This collection pipeline is essential to accelerate our understanding of the gut microbiome in health and disease.

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The Gut Microbiome and Xenobiotics: Identifying Knowledge Gaps

Cited by 25 publications

References 99 publications

Convergent pathways of the gut microbiota–brain axis and neurodegenerative disorders

Convergent pathways of the gut microbiota–brain axis and neurodegenerative disorders

Twentieth Century Dogmas Prevent Sustainable Healthcare

Accelerating Gut Microbiome Research with Robust Sample Collection

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