“…In the intestine, primary bile acids are biotransformed into secondary bile acids by enzymes produced by the gut microbiota via deconjugation, dehydroxylation, oxidation and isomerization, esterification and desulfation reactions ( Pavlidis et al., 2015 ; Thomas et al., 2022 ). Bacteria with bile salt hydrolase activity ( Bacteroides, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium , Enterococcus, Ruminococcaceae , and Listeria ) dominate the bile acid deconjugation process ( Ridlon et al., 2006 ; Long et al., 2017 ; Guzior and Quinn, 2021 ; Jiang et al., 2022 ; Thomas et al., 2022 ). Furthermore, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases produced by the gut microbiota such as Clostridium are necessary for catalyzing the oxidation, isomerization, and dehydroxylation of bile acids ( Guzior and Quinn, 2021 ).…”