The habitat of the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in water courses

Haury, Jacques; Ombredane, Dominique; Baglinière, Jean-Luc

doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-0775-0_3

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Brown trout females dig their nests in the bottom substratum (Haury et al. 1999), and large females will often spawn on coarser gravel and bury their eggs deeper than small ones (Fleming 1996).…”

Section: Brown Trout Salmo Trutta Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brown trout females dig their nests in the bottom substratum (Haury et al 1999), and large females will often spawn on coarser gravel and bury their eggs deeper than small ones (Fleming 1996). One female is often courted by several competing males, but one large male may fertilise the majority of the eggs (Jones & Ball 1954;Largiander et al 2001).…”

Section: Life Cycle and Habitat Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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Atlantic salmonSalmo salarL., brown troutSalmo truttaL. and Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus(L.): a review of aspects of their life histories

Klemetsen

Amundsen

Dempson

et al. 2003

Ecology of Freshwater Fish

1,121

1,275

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-Among the species in the family Salmonidae, those represented by the genera Salmo, Salvelinus, and Oncorhynchus (subfamily Salmoninae) are the most studied. Here, various aspects of phenotypic and life-history variation of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., brown trout Salmo trutta L., and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) are reviewed. While many strategies and tactics are commonly used by these species, there are also differences in their ecology and population dynamics that result in a variety of interesting and diverse topics that are challenging for future research. Atlantic salmon display considerable phenotypic plasticity and variability in life-history characters ranging from fully freshwater resident forms, where females can mature at approximately 10 cm in length, to anadromous populations characterised by 3-5 sea-winter (5SW) salmon. Even within simple 1SW populations, 20 or more spawning life-history types can be identified. Juveniles in freshwater can use both fluvial and lacustrine habitats for rearing, and while most smolts migrate to sea during the spring, fall migrations occur in some populations. At sea, some salmon undertake extensive oceanic migrations while other populations stay within the geographical confines of areas such as the Baltic Sea. At the other extreme are those that reside in estuaries and return to freshwater to spawn after spending only a few months at sea. The review of information on the diversity of life-history forms is related to conservation aspects associated with Atlantic salmon populations and current trends in abundance and survival. Brown trout is indigenous to Europe, North Africa and western Asia, but was introduced into at least 24 countries outside Europe and now has a world-wide distribution. It exploits both fresh and salt waters for feeding and spawning (brackish), and populations are often partially migratory. One part of the population leaves and feeds elsewhere, while another part stays as residents. In large, complex systems, the species is polymorphic with different size morphs in the various parts of the habitat. Brown trout feed close to the surface and near shore, but large individuals may move far offshore. The species exhibits ontogenetic niche shifts partly related to size and partly to developmental rate. They switch when the amount of surplus energy available for growth becomes small with fast growers being younger and smaller fish than slow growers. Brown trout is an opportunistic carnivore, but individuals specialise at least temporarily on particular food items; insect larvae are important for the young in 1 Un resumen en espan˜ol se incluye detra´s del texto principal de este artı´culo. Introduction''There is no group or family of fishes that supplies better materials for the study of the effects of geographic or physiologic isolation, or which presents more curious and interesting facts in their life histories than do the various species of Salmonidae.'' (Evermann 1925) The salmonid subfamily Salmoninae comprises about 30 species ...

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Section: Brown Trout Salmo Trutta Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Life Cycle and Habitat Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Atlantic salmonSalmo salarL., brown troutSalmo truttaL. and Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus(L.): a review of aspects of their life histories

Klemetsen

Amundsen

Dempson

et al. 2003

Ecology of Freshwater Fish

1,121

1,275

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to benefitting from increased fecundity, large anadromous females, which tend to accumulate high somatic mass during marine feeding, are likely to produce larger eggs than smaller resident females (Hendry & Day, 2003;. While increased redd depth is beneficial in protecting eggs from washout during scour events, the threat of egg asphyxiation due to sedimentation or weakly oxygenated water increases with burial depth (Haury, Ombredane, & Baglinière, 1999). Einum, Hendry, and Fleming (2002) found that the fitness of brown trout eggs at differing oxygen levels is size-dependant, with larger eggs exhibiting significantly higher survival than small eggs when the oxygen concentration is low, possibly as a result of their increased surface area which facilitates diffusion.…”

Section: Oxygen and Siltationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental influences on life history strategies in partially anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta, Salmonidae)

et al. 2019

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This paper reviews the life history of brown trout and factors influencing decisions to migrate. Decisions that maximize fitness appear dependent on size at age. In partly anadromous populations, individuals that attain maturity at the parr stage typically become freshwater resident. For individual fish, the life history is not genetically fixed and can be modified by the previous growth history and energetic state in early life. This phenotypic plasticity may be influenced by epigenetic modifications of the genome. Thus, factors influencing survival and growth determine life‐history decisions. These are intra‐ and interspecific competition, feeding and shelter opportunities in freshwater and salt water, temperature in alternative habitats and flow conditions in running water. Male trout exhibit alternative mating strategies and can spawn as a subordinate sneaker or a dominant competitor. Females do not exhibit alternative mating behaviour. The relationship between growth, size and reproductive success differs between sexes in that females exhibit a higher tendency to migrate than males. Southern populations are sensitive to global warming. In addition, fisheries, aquaculture with increased spreading of salmon lice, introduction of new species, weirs and river regulation, poor water quality and coastal developments all threaten trout populations. The paper summarizes life‐history data from six populations across Europe and ends by presenting new research questions and directions for future research.

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“…Wild anadromous brown trout spend their first years in freshwater streams, where they compete to monopolize feeding territories or form hierarchical groups depending on population density and habitat structure (Elliott 1994). Young trout are opportunistic feeders (Bridcut & Giller 1995), and preferably use riffles areas with substrate of pebbles or gravel (Haury et al 1999). Anadromous brown trout migrate to sea in spring at the age of 1-3 years, and normally return to spawn in their native stream after 1-2 years at sea (Elliott 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Less is more: density influences the development of behavioural life skills in trout

2010

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Theory suggests that habitat structure and population density profoundly influence the phenotypic development of animals. Here, we predicted that reduced rearing density and increased structural complexity promote food search ability, anti-predator response and the ability to forage on novel prey, all behavioural skills important for surviving in the wild. Brown trout were reared at three densities (conventional hatchery density, a fourth of conventional hatchery density and natural density) in tanks with or without structure. Treatment effects on behaviour were studied on trout fry and parr, whereupon 20 trout from each of the six treatment groups were released in an enclosed natural stream and recaptured after 36 days. Fry reared at natural density were faster to find prey in a maze. Moreover, parr reared at natural density were faster to eat novel prey, and showed more efficient anti-predator behaviour than fish reared at higher densities. Furthermore, parr reared at reduced densities were twice as likely to survive in the stream as trout reared at high density. In contrast, we found no clear treatment effects of structure. These novel results suggest that reduced rearing densities can facilitate the development of behavioural life skills in captive animals, thereby increasing their contribution to natural production.

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The habitat of the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in water courses

Cited by 10 publications

References 94 publications

Atlantic salmonSalmo salarL., brown troutSalmo truttaL. and Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus(L.): a review of aspects of their life histories

Atlantic salmonSalmo salarL., brown troutSalmo truttaL. and Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus(L.): a review of aspects of their life histories

Environmental influences on life history strategies in partially anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta, Salmonidae)

Less is more: density influences the development of behavioural life skills in trout

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