The Health of an Urban Community

Abstract

Present-day society urgently needs reliable measures, both local and national, of the health of the people. Declines in death rates undoubtedly indicate great improvements in public health in terms of survival, but do not necessarily represent equal declines in the numbers of the sick and the magnitude of their needs. More precise knowledge is needed of ailments and diseases in specific communities, as a factual basis to administer present services for the sick, to interpret local trends of morbidity, to enlarge the content of epidemiology and translate its findings into preventive measures, and to plan new services in changing conditions or newlydeveloping areas.But this knowledge must be specified in precise terms. "Total" knowledge of a community is an abstract concept, in reality unattainable. Medicine does not deal with the total person, nor does public health administer the total community, but each selects certain features which to the doctor or administrator seem important.In social medicine we must consider it important to seek knowledge concerning the preventable ill-health of communities in order that preventive action may be taken. Since prevention and the measurement of the preventable are aspects of a single process, and since the normal agencies of prevention are local, the laboratory of social medicine is the local community, and its interest is focussed on the social group rather than on individuals. The life and circumstances of the small community or ''neighbourhood" are dominant influences on the health of the individual in an urban society. This small definable community we take to be the unit of research: and we judge as important those environmental factors which can foster or impair the life and well-being of the social group. We therefore select for investigation those aspects of social and health experience which relate particularly to the promotion of the health of the group in its own local environment. ORIGIN OF THIS STUDYNo-one concerned with the health of the Scottish people can ignore the problem of respiratory tuberculosis in Scotland. It is generally accepted that tuberculosis, commonly referred to as a "social disease", has social causes and consequences; yet these are rarely investigated with the precision essential for firm conclusions from which preventive action can spring.These social factors cannot be considered in isolation from the communal life of the whole group whose location and daily activities hold it together. The tuberculous are not a peculiar category in the population, to be found only in case-histories or in mortality records.

Use of National Health Service General Practice Records in Epidemiological Inquiries: Duodenal Ulcer--a Test Case

“…Up-to-date figures from the 1961 census are not yet available. Figures published for an earlier socio-medical survey of the same area (Stein and Sklaroff, 1952) show that there was a reasonably close approximation of the proportionate age-sex distribution of the practice to that of municipal ward population according to the 1951 Census.…”

Regular Use of Laxatives by Schoolchildren

“…This ritual of weekly purgation Stein and Sklaroff (1952) larly, the practice of purgation is world-wide.…”