The Healthcare Costs of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Rural China

Yao, Tingting; Sung, Hai‐Yen; Mao, Zhengzhong; Hu, Teh-wei; Max, Wendy

doi:10.1142/9789813108721_0004

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Yang et al, 1999), risk factors (Hesketh, Ding, & Tomkins, 2001; Wang et al, 1994; Wen et al, 2007), health consequences (Gao, Smith, Hammond, & Hu, 2007; Liu et al, 1998; Zhang & Ratcliffe, 1993), and economic burden (Hu & Tsai, 2000; Sung, Wang, Jin, Hu, & Jian, 2007; L. Yang, Sung, Mao, Hu, & Rao, 2011; Yao, Sung, Mao, Hu, & Max, 2014). The prevalence of smoking remained at or above 60% between 1984 and 2002 for Chinese males (Gu et al, 2004; G.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among Older Male Adults in China: An Urban–Rural Comparison

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study compared urban/rural trends in cigarette smoking rates among older male adults in China. Data were derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey ( N = 5,147). Logistic models were computed to assess the occurrence of cigarette smoking between 1991 and 2011 across urban/rural administrative districts. Cigarette smoking rates remained consistent (about 50%) in rural villages over the last two decades but decreased by about 1.1 percentage points annually in urban neighborhoods. After adjusting for individual and community characteristics, divergent urban/rural trends in cigarette smoking rates did not vary statistically. Trends in cigarette smoking may be associated with unbalanced social and economic development in urban and rural China, and are an indicator of social determinants of health inequalities. Results suggest tobacco control policies and interventions should specifically focus on older adults vulnerable to economic inequality. Findings have implications for health and economic inequality among older adults in general.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among Older Male Adults in China: An Urban–Rural Comparison

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…TSP-induced health risks burden the government and families. It has been reported that the total healthcare cost of TSP exposure in rural China accounted for 0.3% of China's national healthcare expenditure in 2011 [22] . Fortunately, thanks to government policies, cigarettecarton sales decreased gradually from 260.98 billion in 2014 to 233.58 billion in 2018 according to the National Bureau of Statistics [23] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the grade/price and thickness of cigarette on the PM2.5 concentration of smoke

Ji,

Liu,

Liu

2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Due to lower tar and nicotine, high grade/price and slim cigarette are believed as "safe cigarette" and cause less tobacco smoke pollution (TSP) advocated by cigarette producers. However, cigarette smokes comprise thousands of harmful constituents, only two substances cannot represent TSP. Then in this study, we wanted to discover if the grade/price and thickness of cigarette affect TSP.Methods: Slim (S) and regular (R) cigarette with different grades/prices were selected to investigate TSP via measurement PM2.5 in a closed chamber (1 m 3 ). Sidestream smoke was collected through cigarette combustion. Mainstream smoke was collected using piston-operated smoking machine.Results: In sidestream smoke, cigarette grade/price did not affect PM2.5 of R or S cigarette. But in mainstream smoke, grade/price acted discrepancy roles in different thickness cigarette. In R cigarette, PM2.5 of lowest grade/price (R5) was lowest. While in S cigarette, PM2.5 of lowest grade/price (S5) was highest. Cigarette thickness obviously affected PM2.5. PM2.5 of R cigarette was 116% higher than S cigarette in sidestream. In mainstream smoke, magni cation was down to 31%, despite PM2.5 of R cigarette was also higher.Conclusions: Irrespective of sidestream or mainstream smoke, the grade/price of cigarette did not obviously affect PM2.5. But which was signi cantly in uenced by cigarette thickness. Although S cigarette PM2.5 was signi cantly lower than R cigarette, it cannot mean that S cigarette was less harmful. Because harmfulness of smoke was not only affected by cigarette but also by smoker inhale habits. It needs further experiments to evaluate the harmfulness of slim cigarette.

show abstract

The Trade-off Between Household Expenditures and Smoking Expenditure: Pre and Post Smoking Awareness Ordinance in Pakistan

Ali

Irfan

2020

Asian Journal of Law and Economics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Government of Pakistan introduced smoking ordinance about health warning in 2009. This ordinance exhibits, prohibit smoking in public places, put restrictions on advertisements, and prohibits sale of cigarettes to minors. This study is to find out the impact of smoking expenditures on food, health, educational, recreational, and electronic expenditures using HIES dataset for 2010–11 and 2015–16. The findings show that share of food and health expenditure increase by 91 and 92% respectively. On the other hand, education and recreation expenditure decrease by 6 and 98% respectively. This is further verified using SUEST test to compare two datasets regressions. The result reveals that food, health, and recreational coefficient are statistically different while education and electronics expenditure remain similar.

show abstract

The Healthcare Costs of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Rural China

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among Older Male Adults in China: An Urban–Rural Comparison

Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among Older Male Adults in China: An Urban–Rural Comparison

Effects of the grade/price and thickness of cigarette on the PM2.5 concentration of smoke

The Trade-off Between Household Expenditures and Smoking Expenditure: Pre and Post Smoking Awareness Ordinance in Pakistan

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About