The Heterogeneous Nature of Number–Space Interactions

Dijck, Jean-Philippe van; Gevers, Wim; Lafosse, Christophe; Fias, Wim

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00182

Cited by 55 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In contrast, in a parity judgment task, the SNARC effect disappeared with a verbal load but was unaffected by a visuospatial load. Together, these observations indicate that the formation of number-space associations requires availability of working memory resources: The SNARC effect in a parity judgment context needs verbal working memory resources, whereas the SNARC effect in a magnitude comparison needs visuospatial working memory resources (see also van Dijck, Gevers, Lafosse, & Fias, 2012). In line with this, a principal component analysis on parity and magnitude comparison performance tested within the same subjects showed that the SNARC effect in a parity judgment task and in a magnitude comparison task loaded on two independent components (van Dijck et al, 2012).…”

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The impact of verbal working memory on number–space associations.

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Dijck

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et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Spatial-numerical associations are observed when participants perform number categorization tasks. One such observation is the spatial numerical associations of response codes (SNARC) effect, showing an association between small numbers and the left-hand side and between large numbers and the right-hand side. It has long been argued that this spatial association is automatically activated by the long-term representation underlying numbers processing. Instead, van Dijck and Fias (2011) argued that this association is a short-term representation that is constructed during task execution. This argument was based on the observation of an association between the ordinal position of an item in working memory and response side (e.g., the ordinal position effect). Four different experiments were set up to systematically investigate this assumption. Our results indicate that the activation of the canonical order of numbers in working memory (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.) is indeed necessary to observe the SNARC effect. The activation of the standard sequence of numbers (e.g., from 1 to 9) can be overruled when a new random sequence is memorized. However, this is only observed when retrieval of the memorized sequence is required during the numbers classification task.

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confidence: 86%

The impact of verbal working memory on number–space associations.

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Dijck

Previtali

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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107

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“…Furthermore, number-space associations in the parity judgment and magnitude classification tasks could be selectively abolished by a verbal and visuospatial WM load respectively (van Dijck et al, 2009). Moreover, findings from a principle component analysis showed that SNAs in the parity judgment and magnitude classification tasks were placed in two separate components (van Dijck, Gevers, Lafosse, & Fias, 2012), thus suggesting that spatial-numerical interactions in implicit and explicit magnitude processing tasks potentially arise from qualitatively different cognitive mechanisms. Furthermore, while hemi-neglect patients featured regular spatial-numerical interactions in the parity judgment task, where access to numerical magnitude is implicit, they show atypical number-space associations in the explicit magnitude classification task (Priftis, Zorzi, Meneghello, Marenzi, & Umilta, 2006;Zorzi et al, 2012).…”

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How and why do number-space associations co-vary in implicit and explicit magnitude processing tasks?

2017

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Evidence for number-space associations in implicit and explicit magnitude processing tasks comes from the parity and magnitude SNARC effect respectively. Different spatial accounts were suggested to underlie these spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) with some inconsistencies in the literature. To determine whether the parity and magnitude SNAs arise from a single predominant account or taskdependent coding mechanisms, we adopted an individual differences approach to study their correlation and the extent of their association with arithmetic performance, spatial visualization ability and visualization profile. Additionally, we performed moderation analyses to determine whether the relation between these SNAs depended on individual differences in those cognitive factors. The parity and magnitude SNAs did not correlate and were differentially predicted by arithmetic performance and visualization profile respectively. These variables, however, also moderated the relation between the SNAs. While positive correlations were observed in object-visualizers with lower arithmetic performances, correlations were negative in spatial-visualizers with higher arithmetic performances. This suggests the predominance of a single account for both implicit and explicit SNAs in the two types of visualizers. However, the spatial nature of the account differs between object-and spatial-visualizers. No relation occurred in mixed-visualizers, indicating the activation of taskdependent coding mechanisms. Individual differences in arithmetic performance and visualization profile thus determined whether SNAs in implicit and explicit tasks co-varied and supposedly relied on similar or unrelated spatial coding mechanisms. This explains some inconsistencies in the literature regarding SNAs and highlights the usefulness of moderation analyses for understanding how the relation between different numerical concepts varies between individuals.

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“…Importantly, several studies have shown the difficulties of LN patients in explicitly accessing larger magnitudes on the MNL (Masson, Pesenti, & Dormal, 2013;Priftis et al, 2006;Van Dijck, Gevers, Lafosse, & Fias, 2012;Vuilleumier, Ortigue, & Brugger, 2004;Zorzi et al, 2002Zorzi et al, , 2012 see Umiltà, Priftis, & Zorzi, 2009, for a review). LN patients' impairment in processing numerical magnitude might be explained by their difficulty in orienting spatial attention towards the left in the imaginal space, and thus in exploring the left part of the number space (Zorzi et al, 2002; but see Aiello et al, 2012, for a contrasting view).…”

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Larger, smaller, odd or even? Task-specific effects of optokinetic stimulation on the mental number space

Ranzini

Lisi

Blini

et al. 2014

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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Previous studies have shown that number processing can induce spatial biases in perception and action and can trigger the orienting of visuospatial attention. Few studies, however, have investigated how spatial processing and visuospatial attention influences number processing. In the present study, we used the optokinetic stimulation (OKS) technique to trigger eye movements and thus overt orienting of visuospatial attention. Participants were asked to stare at OKS, while performing parity judgements (Experiment 1) or number comparison (Experiment 2), two numerical tasks that differ in terms of demands on magnitude processing. Numerical stimuli were acoustically presented, and participants responded orally. We examined the effects of OKS direction (leftward or rightward) on number processing. The results showed that rightward OKS abolished the classic number size effect (i.e., faster reaction times for small than large numbers) in the comparison task, whereas the parity task was unaffected by OKS direction. The effect of OKS highlights a link between visuospatial orienting and processing of number magnitude that is complementary to the more established link between numerical and visuospatial processing. We suggest that the bidirectional link between numbers and space is embodied in the mechanisms subserving sensorimotor transformations for the control of eye movements and spatial attention.

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The Heterogeneous Nature of Number–Space Interactions

Cited by 55 publications

References 56 publications

The impact of verbal working memory on number–space associations.

The impact of verbal working memory on number–space associations.

How and why do number-space associations co-vary in implicit and explicit magnitude processing tasks?

Larger, smaller, odd or even? Task-specific effects of optokinetic stimulation on the mental number space

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