The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation

Evans, Jonathan St. B. T.

doi:10.3758/bf03193858

Cited by 540 publications

(486 citation statements)

References 125 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…Our results are broadly consistent with a default-interventionist dual process theory (Evans, 2006;Kahneman & Frederick, 2005). For problems with an incorrect but intuitively appealing heuristic response, this response was given more quickly, and with less evidence of conflict, than the correct response.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

2016

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Reasoning that is deliberative and reflective often requires the inhibition of intuitive responses.The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is designed to assess people's ability to suppress incorrect heuristic responses in favor of deliberation. Correct responding on the CRT predicts performance on a range of tasks in which intuitive processes lead to incorrect responses, suggesting indirectly that CRT performance is related to cognitive control. Yet little is known about the cognitive processes underlying performance on the CRT. In the current research, we employed a novel mouse tracking methodology to capture the time-course of reasoning on the CRT. Analysis of mouse cursor trajectories revealed that participants were initially drawn towards the incorrect (i.e., intuitive) option even when the correct (deliberative) option was ultimately chosen.Conversely, participants were not attracted to the correct option when they ultimately chose the incorrect intuitive one. We conclude that intuitive processes are activated automatically on the CRT and must be inhibited in order to respond correctly. When participants responded intuitively, there was no evidence that deliberative reasoning had become engaged.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

2016

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“…The role of implicit processes has been suggested by several studies in both deductive reasoning (e.g., Evans, 2006;Sun, 1994) and inductive reasoning (Heit, 1998;Osherson, Smith, Wilkie, Lopez, & Shafir, 1990;Sun, 1994). In both cases, the similarity between the entities involved affects rule application and rule generation through softening the hard constraints involved in rule-based processing.…”

Section: Future Workmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…According to Evans (2006), participants repeatedly use heuristics (implicit processing) to generate models that are verified by analytic (explicit) processes in logical inference tasks. This generate-and-test algorithm is repeated until a satisfactory solution is found, which is consistent with EII's assumption about iterative processing.…”

Section: Justification Of the Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to this theory, noisy hypotheses are implicitly generated and explicitly evaluated (somewhat similar to the heuristic-analytic theory; Evans, 2006). According to this theory, more creative individuals would implicitly generate a greater number of hypotheses.…”

Section: Insight In Problem Solvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, implicit processes are often thought to generate hypotheses that are later explicitly tested (Evans, 2006). Also, similarity has been shown to affect reasoning through processes that are mostly implicit (Sun, 1994;).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Incubation, insight, and creative problem solving: A unified theory and a connectionist model.

Hélie

Sun

2010

Psychological Review

323

217

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This article proposes a unified framework for understanding creative problem solving, namely, the explicit-implicit interaction theory. This new theory of creative problem solving constitutes an attempt at providing a more unified explanation of relevant phenomena (in part by reinterpreting/integrating various fragmentary existing theories of incubation and insight). The explicit-implicit interaction theory relies mainly on 5 basic principles, namely, (a) the coexistence of and the difference between explicit and implicit knowledge, (b) the simultaneous involvement of implicit and explicit processes in most tasks, (c) the redundant representation of explicit and implicit knowledge, (d) the integration of the results of explicit and implicit processing, and (e) the iterative (and possibly bidirectional) processing. A computational implementation of the theory is developed based on the CLARION cognitive architecture and applied to the simulation of relevant human data. This work represents an initial step in the development of process-based theories of creativity encompassing incubation, insight, and various other related phenomena.

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The Inherence Heuristic: Generating Everyday Explanations

Cimpian

2015

Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences

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The ability to explain enables humans to understand their world and informs much of their behavior. And yet, little is known about the psychological processes by which explanations are generated. Here, I describe a recent proposal on this topic. According to this proposal, people come up with explanations much as they come up with solutions to other complex problems— heuristically . Extensive research on human reasoning has suggested that people answer difficult questions (e.g., how satisfied are you with your life?) by retrieving simple information that comes to mind easily (e.g., I am in a good mood right now) and then using this information to construct an approximate answer. Prompts for an explanation (e.g., why do we eat eggs for breakfast?) are hypothesized to trigger a similar process. This process oversamples highly accessible facts about the entities in the observation to be explained. Owing to the organization of memory, these accessible facts are more often about the inherent features of the relevant entities (e.g., eggs have a lot of protein) than about their history, their relations to other entities, and so on. This skew toward inherence then propagates through to the final product of this heuristic process, which is typically an inherence‐based explanatory intuition (hence the name inherence heuristic ). The inherence heuristic proposal sheds light on the mechanistic underpinnings of explanation and has implications for our understanding of other cognitive phenomena of societal importance (such as the tendency to explain membership in social groups in terms of deep biological “essences”).

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The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation

Cited by 540 publications

References 125 publications

The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

The time course of conflict on the Cognitive Reflection Test

Incubation, insight, and creative problem solving: A unified theory and a connectionist model.

The Inherence Heuristic: Generating Everyday Explanations

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