The HIC signalling pathway links CO2 perception to stomatal development

Gray, Julie E.; Holroyd, Geoff H.; Lee, Fréderique M. van der; Bahrami, Ahmad Reza; Sijmons, Peter C.; Woodward, F. I.; Schuch, Wolfgang; Hetherington, Alistair M.

doi:10.1038/35047071

Cited by 313 publications

(315 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

306

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…wax2 also had reduced fertility, a condition reported for many cer mutants (Koornneef et al, 1989), increased epidermal permeability similar to that of the sorghum cuticle membrane mutant bm2 (Jenks et al, 1994), and a lower stomatal index. By comparison, the cer1 and cer6 wax mutants had higher stomatal indices (Gray et al, 2000). Thus, the wax2 mutation reveals a unique cuticle gene involved in diverse aspects of plant development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…For example, leaf surfaces of Arabidopsis cer1 and cer6 mutants have higher stomatal indices than those of their isogenic wild-type parent (Gray et al, 2000), and 12 mutant alleles of the cer-g locus in barley have abnormal stomatal morphology (Zeiger and Stebbins, 1972). By contrast, wax2 has a lower stomatal index than the wild type.…”

Section: Wax2 Affects Epidermal Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stomatal density, epidermal pavement cell density, and stomatal index for both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces were determined using light microscopy modified according to Gray et al (2000). Instead of dental rubber impressions, we created imprints using Duro Super Glue (Loctite, Avon, OH; cyanoacrylate) of 1.01-mm 2 areas taken from the middle of the leaf blade between the midrib and the margin.…”

Section: Quantifying Epidermal Traits Of the Wild Type And Wax2mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Cloning and Characterization of the WAX2 Gene of Arabidopsis Involved in Cuticle Membrane and Wax Production

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis ecotype C24 was used to identify a novel mutant, designated wax2 , that had alterations in both cuticle membrane and cuticular waxes. Arabidopsis mutants with altered cuticle membrane have not been reported previously. Compared with the wild type, the cuticle membrane of wax2 stems weighed 20.2% less, and when viewed using electron microscopy, it was 36.4% thicker, less opaque, and structurally disorganized. The total wax amount on wax2 leaves and stems was reduced by Ͼ 78% and showed proportional deficiencies in the aldehydes, alkanes, secondary alcohols, and ketones, with increased acids, primary alcohols, and esters. Besides altered cuticle membranes, wax2 displayed postgenital fusion between aerial organs (especially in flower buds), reduced fertility under low humidity, increased epidermal permeability, and a reduction in stomatal index on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Thus, wax2 reveals a potential role for the cuticle as a suppressor of postgenital fusion and epidermal diffusion and as a mediator of both fertility and the development of epidermal architecture (via effects on stomatal index). The cloned WAX2 gene (verified by three independent allelic insertion mutants with identical phenotypes) codes for a predicted 632-amino acid integral membrane protein with a molecular mass of 72.3 kD and a theoretical pI of 8.78. WAX2 has six transmembrane domains, a His-rich diiron binding region at the N-terminal region, and a large soluble C-terminal domain. The N-terminal portion of WAX2 is homologous with members of the sterol desaturase family, whereas the C terminus of WAX2 is most similar to members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. WAX2 has 32% identity to CER1, a protein required for wax production but not for cuticle membrane production. Based on these analyses, we predict that WAX2 has a metabolic function associated with both cuticle membrane and wax synthesis. These studies provide new insight into the genetics and biochemistry of plant cuticle production and elucidate new associations between the cuticle and diverse aspects of plant development.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Wax2 Affects Epidermal Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantifying Epidermal Traits Of the Wild Type And Wax2mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cloning and Characterization of the WAX2 Gene of Arabidopsis Involved in Cuticle Membrane and Wax Production

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Interestingly, a mutation in a KCS gene that affects stomatal density and WUE has been reported in the C 24 ecotype of Arabidopsis. Reduced expression of the HIC gene, encoding a KCS, resulted in increased stomatal density in response to elevated CO 2 (Gray et al, 2000). Similarly, the wax mutants eceriferum-g in barley and cer1 and cer6 in Arabidopsis have reduced wax phenotypes accompanied by altered stomatal density compared with the wild type (Gray et al, 2000;Zeiger and Stebbins, 1972).…”

Section: D9mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting Natural Variation to Uncover an Alkene Biosynthetic Enzyme in Poplar

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Alkenes are linear hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds. Despite their potential as biofuels and precursors for specialty chemicals, the underlying biochemistry and genetics of alkene biosynthesis in plants remain elusive. Here, we report on a screen of natural accessions of poplar (Populus trichocarpa), revealing that the leaf cuticular waxes are predominantly composed of alkanes and alkenes. Interestingly, the accumulation of alkenes increases with leaf development, is limited to the abaxial side of the leaf, and is impaired in a few accessions. Among other genes, a b-ketoacyl CoA synthase gene (PotriKCS1) was downregulated in leaves from non-alkene-producing accessions. We demonstrated biochemically that PotriKCS1 elongates monounsaturated fatty acids and is responsible for the recruitment of unsaturated substrates to the cuticular wax. Moreover, we found significant associations between the presence of alkenes and tree growth and resistance to leaf spot. These findings highlight the crucial role of cuticular waxes as the first point of contact with the environment, and they provide a foundation for engineering long-chain monounsaturated oils in other species.

show abstract

“…Maximum g s is dictated by the size and density of stomata, which in turn can be influenced by the growth environment (Hetherington and Woodward, 2003;Franks and Farquhar, 2007). It is generally accepted that stomatal density is altered by atmospheric CO 2 concentration (Woodward, 1987;Gray et al, 2000), light (Gay and Hurd, 1975), and other environmental factors. More recent experimental evidence has demonstrated that stomatal density is negatively correlated with stomatal size (Hetherington and Woodward, 2003;Franks and Beerling, 2009).…”

Section: Influence Of Anatomy On G Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Stomatal Size, Speed, and Responsiveness Impact on Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The control of gaseous exchange between the leaf and bulk atmosphere by stomata governs CO 2 uptake for photosynthesis and transpiration, determining plant productivity and water use efficiency. The balance between these two processes depends on stomatal responses to environmental and internal cues and the synchrony of stomatal behavior relative to mesophyll demands for CO 2 . Here we examine the rapidity of stomatal responses with attention to their relationship to photosynthetic CO 2 uptake and the consequences for water use. We discuss the influence of anatomical characteristics on the velocity of changes in stomatal conductance and explore the potential for manipulating the physical as well as physiological characteristics of stomatal guard cells in order to accelerate stomatal movements in synchrony with mesophyll CO 2 demand and to improve water use efficiency without substantial cost to photosynthetic carbon fixation. We conclude that manipulating guard cell transport and metabolism is just as, if not more likely to yield useful benefits as manipulations of their physical and anatomical characteristics. Achieving these benefits should be greatly facilitated by quantitative systems analysis that connects directly the molecular properties of the guard cells to their function in the field.In order for plants to function efficiently, they must balance gaseous exchange between inside and outside the leaf to maximize CO 2 uptake for photosynthetic carbon assimilation (A) and to minimize water loss through transpiration. Stomata are the "gatekeepers" responsible for all gaseous diffusion, and they adjust to both internal and external environmental stimuli governing CO 2 uptake and water loss. The pathway for CO 2 uptake from the bulk atmosphere to the site of fixation is determined by a series of diffusional resistances, which start with the layer of air immediately surrounding the leaf (the boundary layer). Stomatal pores provide a major resistance to flux from the atmosphere to the substomatal cavity within the leaf. Further resistance is encountered by CO 2 across the aqueous and lipid boundaries into the mesophyll cell and chloroplasts (mesophyll resistance). Water leaving the leaf largely follows the same pathway in reverse, but without the mesophyll resistance component. Guard cells surround the stomatal pore. They increase or decrease in volume in response to external and internal stimuli, and the resulting changes in guard cell shape adjust stomatal aperture and thereby affect the flux of gases between the leaf internal environment and the bulk atmosphere. Stomatal behavior, therefore, controls the volume of CO 2 entering the intercellular air spaces of the leaf for photosynthesis. It also plays a key role in minimizing the amount of water lost. Transpiration, by virtue of the concentration differences, is an order of magnitude greater than CO 2 uptake, which is an inevitable consequence of free diffusion across this pathway. Although the cumulative area of stomatal pores only represents a small fraction...

show abstract

The HIC signalling pathway links CO2 perception to stomatal development

Cited by 313 publications

References 29 publications

Cloning and Characterization of the WAX2 Gene of Arabidopsis Involved in Cuticle Membrane and Wax Production

Cloning and Characterization of the WAX2 Gene of Arabidopsis Involved in Cuticle Membrane and Wax Production

Exploiting Natural Variation to Uncover an Alkene Biosynthetic Enzyme in Poplar

Stomatal Size, Speed, and Responsiveness Impact on Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About