The Hierarchical Circuit for Executive Control of Movement

Noga, Brian R.; Opriş, Ioan

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29674-6_5

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…They are innervated by the ipsilateral SLR (Sinnamon and Stopford, 1987; Takakusaki et al, 2016), the contralateral cerebellar locomotor region (Mori et al, 1998), the PAG (Mantyh, 1983; Dampney et al, 2013), the motor cortex via corticoreticular pathways (Matsuyama et al, 2004b), as well as various sensory systems (e.g., visual, auditory, and vestibular) (Furigo et al, 2010; Miller et al, 2017). Thus locomotion may be initiated by activation of the RF directly, bypassing the MLR (Shik et al, 1966; Noga et al, 1988; Mori et al, 1998; Bretzner and Brownstone, 2013; Capelli et al, 2017) or modulated by activation of sensory or neuromodulatory inputs to the RF (Antri et al, 2008; Smetana et al, 2010; Noga and Opris, 2017a, b; Oueghlani et al, 2018). The neuronal circuit selected for goal-directed locomotion may depend upon the behavioral context (Sinnamon, 1993), whether locomotion is required for either exploration, foraging, or defense (see Jordan, 1998; Takakusaki, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of Brainstem Neurons During Mesencephalic Locomotor Region-Evoked Locomotion in the Cat

Opriş

Dai

Johnson

et al. 2019

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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The distribution of locomotor-activated neurons in the brainstem of the cat was studied by c-Fos immunohistochemistry in combination with antibody-based cellular phenotyping following electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) – the anatomical constituents of which remain debated today, primarily between the cuneiform (CnF) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT). Effective MLR sites were co-extensive with the CnF nucleus. Animals subject to the locomotor task showed abundant Fos labeling in the CnF, parabrachial nuclei of the subcuneiform region, periaqueductal gray, locus ceruleus (LC)/subceruleus (SubC), Kölliker–Fuse, magnocellular and lateral tegmental fields, raphe, and the parapyramidal region. Labeled neurons were more abundant on the side of stimulation. In some animals, Fos-labeled cells were also observed in the ventral tegmental area, medial and intermediate vestibular nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, n. tractus solitarii, and retrofacial nucleus in the ventrolateral medulla. Many neurons in the reticular formation were innervated by serotonergic fibers. Numerous locomotor-activated neurons in the parabrachial nuclei and LC/SubC/Kölliker–Fuse were noradrenergic. Few cholinergic neurons within the PPT stained for Fos. In the medulla, serotonergic neurons within the parapyramidal region and the nucleus raphe magnus were positive for Fos. Control animals, not subject to locomotion, showed few Fos-labeled neurons in these areas. The current study provides positive evidence for a role for the CnF in the initiation of locomotion while providing little evidence for the participation of the PPT. The results also show that MLR-evoked locomotion involves the parallel activation of reticular and monoaminergic neurons in the pons/medulla, and provides the anatomical and functional basis for spinal monoamine release during evoked locomotion. Lastly, the results indicate that vestibular, cardiovascular, and respiratory centers are centrally activated during MLR-evoked locomotion. Altogether, the results show a complex pattern of neuromodulatory influences of brainstem neurons by electrical activation of the MLR.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of Brainstem Neurons During Mesencephalic Locomotor Region-Evoked Locomotion in the Cat

Opriş

Dai

Johnson

et al. 2019

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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“…Mesencephalic RS neurons in the PAG and the prCnF/CnF have not been recorded yet but mesencephalic RS neurons in the PPTg/PPN have been found to discharge during locomotor activity and also, together with non-RS neurons, during REM sleep [8]. Stimulation of the PAG and prCnF/CnF produces various defensive motor behaviors (e.g., freezing, micturition, fight, and running) [9][10][11][12][13][14] and cardiovascular and respiratory changes [15]. Stimulation of the PPTg/PPN produces different sleep/wake states [16] and low-speed locomotion [14,17].…”

Section: Mesencephalonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of reticulospinal systems in mammals

Perreault

Giorgi

2019

Current Opinion in Physiology

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Reticulospinal (RS) neurons provide the spinal cord with the executive signals for a large repertoire of motor and autonomic functions, ensuring at the same time that these functions are adapted to the different behavioral contexts. This requires the coordinated action of many RS neurons. In this mini-review, we examine how the RS neurons that carry out specific functions distribute across the three parts of the brain stem. Extensive overlap between populations suggests a need to explore multi-functionality at the single cell-level. We next contrast functional diversity and homogeneity in transmitter phenotype. Then, we examine the molecular genetic mechanisms that specify brain stem development and likely contribute to RS neurons identities. We advocate that a better knowledge of the developmental lineage of the RS neurons and a better knowledge of RS neuron activity across multiple behaviors will help uncover the fundamental principles behind the diversity of RS systems in mammals.

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“…Our focus is on the hierarchy of neural circuitry underlying the executive control of behavior (Figure 6 ) spanning from the frontal and parietal cortices, subcortical structures like the basal ganglia and thalamus, the brainstem and the spinal cord. The hierarchical integration of various stimuli (Hirabayashi et al, 2013a , b ) in the executive function, may follow a bottom-up integration of visual information (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991 ) while the coordination of movement kinematics is performed in a top-down manner according to a prior intention/plan (Noga and Opris, 2017 ). At the top of the executive hierarchy are the frontal (premotor) and parietal (motor) cortical microcircuits, interconnected within thalamo-cortical loops through cortico-striatal projections and further in the brainstem to the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) and the central pattern generators in the spinal cord (Noga and Opris, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is the Evidence for Inter-laminar Integration in a Prefrontal Cortical Minicolumn?

2017

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The objective of this perspective article is to examine columnar inter-laminar integration during the executive control of behavior. The integration hypothesis posits that perceptual and behavioral signals are integrated within the prefrontal cortical inter-laminar microcircuits. Inter-laminar minicolumnar activity previously recorded from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of nonhuman primates, trained in a visual delay match-to-sample (DMS) task, was re-assessed from an integrative perspective. Biomorphic multielectrode arrays (MEAs) played a unique role in the in vivo recording of columnar cell firing in the dlPFC layers 2/3 and 5/6. Several integrative aspects stem from these experiments: 1. Functional integration of perceptual and behavioral signals across cortical layers during executive control. The integrative effect of dlPFC minicolumns was shown by: (i) increased correlated firing on correct vs. error trials; (ii) decreased correlated firing when the number of non-matching images increased; and (iii) similar spatial firing preference across cortical-striatal cells during spatial-trials, and less on object-trials. 2. Causal relations to integration of cognitive signals by the minicolumnar turbo-engines. The inter-laminar integration between the perceptual and executive circuits was facilitated by stimulating the infra-granular layers with firing patterns obtained from supra-granular layers that enhanced spatial preference of percent correct performance on spatial trials. 3. Integration across hierarchical levels of the brain. The integration of intention signals (visual spatial, direction) with movement preparation (timing, velocity) in striatum and with the motor command and posture in midbrain is also discussed. These findings provide evidence for inter-laminar integration of executive control signals within brain’s prefrontal cortical microcircuits.

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The Hierarchical Circuit for Executive Control of Movement

Cited by 4 publications

References 226 publications

Activation of Brainstem Neurons During Mesencephalic Locomotor Region-Evoked Locomotion in the Cat

Activation of Brainstem Neurons During Mesencephalic Locomotor Region-Evoked Locomotion in the Cat

Diversity of reticulospinal systems in mammals

What Is the Evidence for Inter-laminar Integration in a Prefrontal Cortical Minicolumn?

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