The histological diagnosis of chronic gastritis in fibreoptic gastroscope biopsy specimens

Abstract

SYNOPSiSThe advent of the fibreoptic gastroscope with biopsy facilities has provided the means of obtaining biopsy specimens under direct vision from any part of the stomach. This creates new opportunities for the study of chronic gastritis, and, in particular, its evolution, topographical location, and causal relationships. On the basis of an experience with more than 2,500 biopsy specimens we have outlined a method for their systematic examination and have proposed a classification of chronic gastritis. This classification includes the type of mucosa, the type and stage of activity of the gastritis, and the presence and type of metaplasia. The classification is sufficiently flexible to allow within it quantitative assessment of individual histological features.

Effect of taurine on ulcerogenic response and impaired ulcer healing induced by monochloramine in rat stomachs

“…Under urethane anaesthesia, mucosal exposure to NH 4 OH (120 mmol/L) caused a marked reduction of potential difference (PD) in the ex vivo chambered stomachs after induction of ischaemia, resulting in severe lesions. These ulcerogenic and PD responses by NH 4 OH plus ischaemia were also mitigated by taurine and methionine, but not glycine, applied to the chamber 20 min before the onset of NH 4 OH plus ischaemia. Moreover, oral administration of 100% ethanol produced severe haemorrhagic lesions in rat stomachs, all of which rapidly healed within 7 days after lesion induction.…”

“…The experiments were classified into roughly three studies; (1) to examine the effects of taurine, methionine and glycine on gastric ulcerogenic response induced by exogenously administered NH 2 Cl in unanaesthetized rats; (2) to examine the effects of these amino acids on the deleterious influence of NH 4 OH on gastric mucosa in anaesthetized rats subjected to ischaemia, it being assumed that under such conditions NH 2 Cl is generated endogenously from interaction of NH 4 OH with neutrophil-derived HClO; and (3) to examine the effect of taurine on the impaired healing of gastric lesions following daily treatment with NH 2 Cl. In a separate study, we assessed the scavenging action of taurine, methionine and glycine against NH 2 Cl in vitro.…”

“…[1][2][3] This bacterium has high urease enzyme activity, resulting in an abnormally high concentration of ammonia (NH 4 OH) in the stomach of infected patients. 3 Given that H. pylori-associated chronic active gastritis is characterized by the invasion of neutrophils into the gastric mucosa 1,3,4 and that neutrophils utilize the H 2 O 2 -myeloperoxidase-halide system to generate an oxidant capable of destroying a variety of mammalian cell targets as well as micro-organisms, 5,6 it is assumed that neutrophil-derived hypochlorous acid (HClO) interacts with NH 4 OH to generate cytotoxic monochloramine (NH 2 Cl). 7,8 Indeed, it has been demonstrated that NH 2 Cl plays a role in the pathogenesis of NH 4 OHinduced gastric lesions in rats.…”

“…3 Given that H. pylori-associated chronic active gastritis is characterized by the invasion of neutrophils into the gastric mucosa 1,3,4 and that neutrophils utilize the H 2 O 2 -myeloperoxidase-halide system to generate an oxidant capable of destroying a variety of mammalian cell targets as well as micro-organisms, 5,6 it is assumed that neutrophil-derived hypochlorous acid (HClO) interacts with NH 4 OH to generate cytotoxic monochloramine (NH 2 Cl). 7,8 Indeed, it has been demonstrated that NH 2 Cl plays a role in the pathogenesis of NH 4 OHinduced gastric lesions in rats. 9,10 We have also reported that both endogenous and exogenous NH 2 Cl damage the gastric mucosa at much lower concentrations than NH 4 OH.…”

“…7,8 Indeed, it has been demonstrated that NH 2 Cl plays a role in the pathogenesis of NH 4 OHinduced gastric lesions in rats. 9,10 We have also reported that both endogenous and exogenous NH 2 Cl damage the gastric mucosa at much lower concentrations than NH 4 OH. 11,12 In addition, we have recently SUMMARY Background: It is well known that neutrophil-derived hypochlorous acid interacts with ammonia (NH 4 OH) to generate monochloramine (NH 2 Cl) and that NH 2 Cl irritates the gastric mucosa and impairs ulcer healing.…”