The HIV related risks among men having sex with men in rural Yunnan, China: a qualitative study

Abstract

Objectives: To explore the characteristics and issues specific to HIV related risk behaviours among men who have sex with men (MSM) in rural China. Method: Qualitative study using semistructured in-depth interviews in Dali prefecture, Yunnan. 24 informants recruited through a local MSM network, snowballing and by word of mouth. The main outcome measures were themes identified as increased exposures and risks to HIV. Results: Risk behaviour, social stigma, one child policy and concepts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) had significant roles in the spread of HIV in rural China. Many MSM lead a life with double identities in China and condom use was found to be variable with attempts to ''rationalise'' the risky behaviour being its major determining factor. Health seeking behaviours of genitourinary problems were infrequent and illogical, which were further held back by the existing healthcare system and lack of sensitivity expressed by the health professionals. Conclusions: Clear education messages to the general public while raising awareness among health professionals of the health risks and needs in MSM are essential in the prevention of the current HIV epidemic.

Changes in HIV prevalence and sexual behavior among men who have sex with men in a northern Chinese city: 2002–2006

“…Our findings indicate that the MSM increasingly identify themselves as homosexual and accordingly more are choosing to live with a male partner over the study period. Although Chinese MSM are still facing serious social problems such as stigmatization, social pressure to marry and raise a family, 4,8 there is no doubt the Chinese society is becoming more tolerating to homosexuality. Persecution from police under anti-hooliganism laws, losing employment or being targets of blackmail and discrimination from health providers are less likely to happen in the current Chinese society.…”

HIV Prevalence and Correlates of Unprotected Anal Intercourse Among Men Who Have Sex with Men, Jinan, China

“…A few studies have enrolled MSM in cities that, while still large in population by world standards, are considered ''second tier'' meaning that they are less connected internationally through tourism or trade. Even less is known about MSM in smaller towns and rural areas of China (Wong et al 2006). Nonetheless, websites targeting MSM receive visits from men all over China and the proliferation of MSM prevention grassroots organizations in smaller towns speaks to the presence of the population throughout the country.…”

HIV-Related Behavioral Studies of Men Who Have Sex with Men in China: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research

“…Those who disclose their homosexual identity are likely to face severe social discrimination including loss of employment [16]. Due to the predominant homophobia in the society, combined with the strong influence of Confucianism which stresses the continuation of family name, MSM frequently hide and/or deny their homosexual preference by getting married and having children [17][18][19].…”