The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Cardiometabolic Syndrome in the Developing World: An African Perspective

Mutimura, Eugene; Crowther, Nigel J.; Stewart, Aimée; Cade, W. Todd

doi:10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.07584.x

Cited by 26 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Cigarette smoking has also been identified as a significant cofactor in the inordinately high rates and premature development of HIV-related peripheral artery disease as well as cardiometabolic syndrome and renal disease which have emerged as major causes of morbidity and mortality in individuals infected with HIV (Bozzette, Ake, Tam, Chang, & Louis, 2003; The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) Study Group, 2003; De Silva, Post, Griffin, & Dockrell, 2007; Law et al, 2006; Mutimura, 2008; Periard et al, 2008). …”

Section: Rates Of Tobacco Consumption and Clinical Implications Amongmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking and HIV: More Evidence for Action

Reynolds¹

2009

AIDS Education and Prevention

115

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As many as 50–70% of persons infected with HIV are current smokers. Compelling evidence concerning the risks of cigarette smoking to persons living with HIV urges the inclusion of smoking treatment protocols in contemporary models of HIV care. Yet in spite of growing awareness of this problem, persons living with HIV are not being effectively treated for tobacco use. To further an understanding of contributing factors and define directions for evidenced-based intervention, factors associated with smoking behavior among persons living with HIV are examined.

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Section: Rates Of Tobacco Consumption and Clinical Implications Amongmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking and HIV: More Evidence for Action

Reynolds¹

2009

AIDS Education and Prevention

115

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“…Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among PLWH may be similar to the general population and include family history, age, male gender, hypertension, smoking, obesity, Diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia [4]. PLWH on ART have an estimated 10-year CVD risk greater than 20% [5]. The expected deaths attributable to CVD are projected to double to 2.4 million in 2030 relative to reports from 2000 [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiometabolic risk among hiv-positive Ugandan adults: prevalence, predictors and effect of long-term antiretroviral therapy

Kazooba¹,

Kasamba²,

Mayanja³

et al. 2017

Pan Afr Med J

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IntroductionWe investigated the prevalence, predictors of and effect of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) regimen on cardiometabolic risk among HIV-positive Ugandan adults at enrolment into a prospective cohort to study the Complications of Long-Term ART (CoLTART).MethodsWe collected data on cardiometabolic risk factors including dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity and calculated the mean atherogenic index for Plasma (AIP) and 10 year Framingham risk score (FHS). Exposures were: ART regimen, duration on ART, demographic, socio-economic, behavioral, and life-style factors including smoking, physical activity and diet (including fruit and vegetables consumption).ResultsWe enrolled 1024 participants, 65% female, mean age was 44.8 years (SD 8.0) and median duration on ART was 9.4 years (IQR 6.1-9.8). The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 52.6%, BMI≥25 kg/m2 -26.1%, hypertension-22.6%, high AIP-31.3% and FHS above 10% was 16.6%. The prevalence of low High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) was 37.5%, high Total cholesterol (Tc)-30.2%, high Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) -23.6%, high Triglycerides (TG)-21.2%, low physical activity-46.4% and alcohol consumption-26.4%. In multivariate linear regression analyses, increasing age was associated with higher mean Tc, HDL, LDL, FHS (P<0.001) and hyperglycemia (p<0.005). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, Protease Inhibitor (PI) containing regimens were significantly associated with higher risks of abnormal: Tc, LDL, TG, AIP, abdominal obesity, hypertension, low HDL and lower risk of a FHS >10% compared to the non PI regimen.ConclusionART increases cardiometabolic risk. Integration of routine assessment for cardiometabolic risk factors and preventive interventions into HIV care programs in resource-limited settings is recommended.

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“…These risk factors contribute to a significant proportion of overall disease burden in Africa [19, 20]. The prevalences of metabolic syndrome and hypertension are reported to be increasing in Africa [18, 21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors among 34,111 HAART Naïve HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Njelekela

Muhihi

Aveika

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hypertension

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Background. Elevated blood pressure has been reported among treatment naïve HIV-infected patients. We investigated prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a HAART naïve HIV-infected population in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among HAART naïve HIV-infected patients. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) between 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 and ≥30 kg/m2, respectively. We used relative risks to examine factors associated with hypertension. Results. Prevalence of hypertension was found to be 12.5%. After adjusting for possible confounders, risk of hypertension was 10% more in male than female patients. Patients aged ≥50 years had more than 2-fold increased risk for hypertension compared to 30–39-years-old patients. Overweight and obesity were associated with 51% and 94% increased risk for hypertension compared to normal weight patients. Low CD4+ T-cell count, advanced WHO clinical disease stage, and history of TB were associated with 10%, 42%, and 14% decreased risk for hypertension. Conclusions. Older age, male gender, and overweight/obesity were associated with hypertension. Immune suppression and history of TB were associated with lower risk for hypertension. HIV treatment programs should screen and manage hypertension even in HAART naïve individuals.

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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Cardiometabolic Syndrome in the Developing World: An African Perspective

Cited by 26 publications

References 38 publications

Cigarette Smoking and HIV: More Evidence for Action

Cigarette Smoking and HIV: More Evidence for Action

Cardiometabolic risk among hiv-positive Ugandan adults: prevalence, predictors and effect of long-term antiretroviral therapy

Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors among 34,111 HAART Naïve HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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