The Hydrolysis of Chlorine and its Variation with Temperature

Connick, Robert E.; Chia, Yuan-tsan

doi:10.1021/ja01515a004

Cited by 109 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It is known [14] that in higher acidic chloride solution RNHCl gives Clz. Both H+ and C1-ions suppress the hydrolysis of C12 [15]. Hence in the present system one can expect RNHCl or Cl2 as the effective oxidizing species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Kinetics of oxidation of benzyl alcohol by sodium N‐chloro‐p‐toluenesulfonamide

Uma

Mayanna

1980

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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The kinetics of oxidation of benzyl alcohol and substituted benzyl alcohols by sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide (chloramine-T,CAT) in HClOl (0.1-1 mol/dm3) containing C1-ions, over the temperature range of 30-50°C have been studied. The reaction is of first order each with respect to alcohol and oxidant. The fractional order dependence of the rate on the concentrations of Hf and C1-suggests a complex formation between RNCl-and HCl. In higher acidic chloride solution the rate of reaction is proportional to the concentrations of both H+ and C1-. The observed solvent isotope effect ( k~~o l k~~o ) is 1.43 a t 3OOC. The reaction constant ( p = -1.66) and thermodynamic parameters are evaluated. Rate expressions and probable mechanisms for the observed kinetics have been suggested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Kinetics of oxidation of benzyl alcohol by sodium N‐chloro‐p‐toluenesulfonamide

Uma

Mayanna

1980

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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“…The relationships between the species are summarized by Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) (27)(28)(29). The OCI-and HOCl concentrations are significant at pH greater than -6 and the HOCI, Cl2 and C13 concentrations are significant at pH less than -6. dRelative retention time (GC) and mass spectrum identical to those of an authentic standard.…”

Section: Instruments and Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 94%

Implications of treating water containing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with chlorine: a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study.

Oyler¹,

Liukkonen

Lukasewycz

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

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The products of aqueous chlorination reactions of 1-methylnaphthalene, fluorene, dibenzofuran, anthracene, phenanthrene, 1-methylphenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene have been determined. The conditions employed for these reactions approximated those that might be encountered in water treatment facilities. Reactions at pH > 6 tended to produce oxygenated products (epoxides, phenols, quinones, etc.), and reactions at pH < 6 tended to produce both oxygenated (quinones) and chlorinated products.

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“…The 73), and the reaction proceeds quickly. The equilibrium and concentrations of various chlorine-containing species are both temperature and pH dependent.…”

Section: Chlorine Species In Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental health sciences center task force review on halogenated organics in drinking water

Deinzer¹,

Schaumburg²,

Klein³

1978

Environ Health Perspect

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The disinfection of drinking water by chlorination has in recent years come under closer scrutiny because of the potential hazards associated with the production of stable chlorinated organic chemicals. Organic chemical contaminants are common to all water supplies and it is now well-established that chlorinated by-products are obtained under conditions of disinfection, or during tertiary treatment of sewage whose products can ultimately find their way into drinking water supplies. Naturally occurring humic substances which are invariably present in drinking waters are probably the source of chloroform and other halogenated methanes, and chloroform has shown up in every water supply investigated thus far. The Environmental Protection Agency is charged with the responsibility of assessing the public health effects resulting from the consumption of contaminated drinking water. It has specifically undertaken the task of determining whether organic contaminants or their chlorinated derivatives have a special impact, and if so, what alternatives there are to protect the consumer against bacterial and viral diseases that are transmitted through infected drinking waters. The impetus to look at these chemicals is not entirely without some prima facie evidence of potential trouble. Epidemiological studies suggested a higher incidence of cancer along the lower Mississippi River where the contamination from organic chemicals is particularly high. The conclusions from these studies have, to be sure, not gone unchallenged. The task of assessing the effects of chemicals in the drinking water is a difficult one. It includes many variables, including differences in water supplies and the temporal relationship between contamination and consumption of the finished product. It must also take into account the relative importance of the effects from these chemicals in comparison to those from occupational exposure, ingestion of contaminated foods, inhalation of polluted air, and many others. The susceptibility of different age, genetic, and ethnic groups within the population must also be carefully considered. The present review discusses: the reasons for disinfection; the general occurrence of chlorinated organics in drinking water; the chemistry in the synthesis of chlorinated organics under aqueous conditions; and alternatives to chlorine for disinfection.

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The Hydrolysis of Chlorine and its Variation with Temperature

Cited by 109 publications

References 2 publications

Kinetics of oxidation of benzyl alcohol by sodium N‐chloro‐p‐toluenesulfonamide

Kinetics of oxidation of benzyl alcohol by sodium N‐chloro‐p‐toluenesulfonamide

Implications of treating water containing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with chlorine: a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study.

Environmental health sciences center task force review on halogenated organics in drinking water

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