The <i>MUR3</i> Gene of Arabidopsis Encodes a Xyloglucan Galactosyltransferase That Is Evolutionarily Related to Animal Exostosins

Madson, Michael A.; Dunand, Christophe; Li, Xuemei; Verma, Rajeev; Vanzin, Gary; Caplan, Jeffrey; Shoue, Douglas A.; Carpita, Nicholas C.; Reiter, Wolf‐Dieter

doi:10.1105/tpc.009837

Cited by 296 publications

(334 citation statements)

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“…We first examined border-like cell organization in two hemicellulose mutants, mur2-1 and mur3, known to be deficient in genes encoding for a fucosyltransferase and a galactosyltransferase, two enzymes involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis (Vanzin et al, 2002;Madson et al, 2003). As illustrated in Figure 1, no difference was observed in either border-like cell production or organization between wild-type and mur3 or mur2-1 root tips (Fig.…”

Section: Morphological Characterization Of Border-like Cells In Cell mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant material used was wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Columbia and Wassilewskija) and the following mutants: mur2-1 (Vanzin et al, 2002), mur3 (Madson et al, 2003), rsw1 (Arioli et al, 1998), epc1-1 (Singh et al, 2005), qua2-1 (Mouille et al, 2007), arad1-1 (Harholt et al, 2006; these mutants were in the Columbia background), qua1-1 (Bouton et al, 2002), and kor1 (Nicol et al, 1998; these mutants were in the Wassilewskija background). Seeds were surface sterilized with 35% (v/v) ethanol for 5 min followed by immersion in 35% (v/v) bleach for 5 min.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We thus examined the pattern of border-like cells released by the root tip of selected Arabidopsis mutants using microscopy and immunocytochemistry. These mutants are (1) quasimodo1-1 (qua1-1) and qua2-1 (Bouton et al, 2002;Mouille et al, 2007), ectopically parting cells1-1 (epc1-1; Singh et al, 2005), and arabinan deficient1-1 (arad 1-1; Harholt et al, 2006), which all have been reported to be possibly affected in pectin biosynthesis; (2) murus2-1 (mur2-1) and mur3, which make altered xyloglucan (Vanzin et al, 2002;Madson et al, 2003); and (3) radially swollen1 (rsw1) and korrigan1 (kor1), which are affected in cellulose biosynthesis (Arioli et al, 1998;Nicol et al, 1998).…”

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The Organization Pattern of Root Border-Like Cells of Arabidopsis Is Dependent on Cell Wall Homogalacturonan

et al. 2009

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Border-like cells are released by Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root tips as organized layers of several cells that remain attached to each other rather than completely detached from each other, as is usually observed in border cells of many species. Unlike border cells, cell attachment between border-like cells is maintained after their release into the external environment. To investigate the role of cell wall polysaccharides in the attachment and organization of border-like cells, we have examined their release in several well-characterized mutants defective in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan, cellulose, or pectin. Our data show that among all mutants examined, only quasimodo mutants (qua1-1 and qua2-1), which have been characterized as producing less homogalacturonan, had an altered border-like cell phenotype as compared with the wild type. Border-like cells in both lines were released as isolated cells separated from each other, with the phenotype being much more pronounced in qua1-1 than in qua2-1. Further analysis of border-like cells in the qua1-1 mutant using immunocytochemistry and a set of anti-cell wall polysaccharide antibodies showed that the loss of the wild-type phenotype was accompanied by (1) a reduction in homogalacturonan-JIM5 epitope in the cell wall of border-like cells, confirmed by Fourier transform infrared microspectrometry, and (2) the secretion of an abundant mucilage that is enriched in xylogalacturonan and arabinogalactan-protein epitopes, in which the cells are trapped in the vicinity of the root tip.

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Section: Morphological Characterization Of Border-like Cells In Cell mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Materials and Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The Organization Pattern of Root Border-Like Cells of Arabidopsis Is Dependent on Cell Wall Homogalacturonan

et al. 2009

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“…The mur1-1 mutant has Ͻ2% of the normal amounts of fucose in aerial parts of the plant , and a tensile strength of elongating influorescences Ͻ50% that of the wild type (Bonin et al, 1997). MUR3 encodes a xyloglucan-specific galactosyl transferase (Madson et al, 2003) that considerably affects the mechanical properties of the cell wall (Ryden et al, 2003). The mur8-1 and mur10-1 mutants have complex changes in their cell wall composition .…”

Section: Cell Wall and Syp122-1 Mutants Have Very Subtle Nonhost Phenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PEN1 Syntaxin Defines a Novel Cellular Compartment upon Fungal Attack and Is Required for the Timely Assembly of Papillae

Assaad

Qiu

Youngs

et al. 2004

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Attack by the host powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum usually results in successful penetration and rapid proliferation of the fungus on Arabidopsis. By contrast, the nonhost barley powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) typically fails to penetrate Arabidopsis epidermal cells. In both instances the plant secretes cell wall appositions or papillae beneath the penetration peg of the fungus. Genetic screens for mutations that result in increased penetration of Bgh on Arabidopsis have recently identified the PEN1 syntaxin. Here we examine the role of PEN1 and of its closest homologue, SYP122, identified as a syntaxin whose expression is responsive to infection. pen1 syp122 double mutants are both dwarfed and necrotic, suggesting that the two syntaxins have overlapping functions. Although syp122-1 and the cell wall mur mutants have considerably more pronounced primary cell wall defects than pen1 mutants, these have relatively subtle or no effects on penetration resistance. Upon fungal attack, PEN1 appears to be actively recruited to papillae, and there is a 2-h delay in papillae formation in the pen1-1 mutant. We conclude that SYP122 may have a general function in secretion, including a role in cell wall deposition. By contrast, PEN1 appears to have a basal function in secretion and a specialized defense-related function, being required for the polarized secretion events that give rise to papilla formation.

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“…Conventionally, the reducing end of the molecule is positioned to the right. Treatment of Arabidopsis xyloglucan with an endoglucanase that attacks unsubstituted residues results in oligosaccharide mixtures that include XXG, GXXG, XXXG, XXLG, XLXG, XLLG, XXFG, and XLFG, with some of the Gal residues O-acetylated (Madson et al, 2003;Obel et al, 2009).…”

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Lack of α-Xylosidase Activity in Arabidopsis Alters Xyloglucan Composition and Results in Growth Defects

et al. 2010

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Xyloglucan is the main hemicellulose in the primary cell walls of most seed plants and is thought to play a role in regulating the separation of cellulose microfibrils during growth. Xylose side chains block the degradation of the backbone, and a-xylosidase activity is necessary to remove them. Two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant lines with insertions in the a-xylosidase gene AtXYL1 were characterized in this work. Both lines showed a reduction to undetectable levels of a-xylosidase activity against xyloglucan oligosaccharides. This reduction resulted in the accumulation of XXXG and XXLG in the liquid growth medium of Atxyl1 seedlings. The presence of XXLG suggests that it is a poor substrate for xyloglucan b-galactosidase. In addition, the polymeric xyloglucan of Atxyl1 lines was found to be enriched in XXLG subunits, with a concomitant decrease in XXFG and XLFG. This change can be explained by extensive exoglycosidase activity at the nonreducing ends of xyloglucan chains. These enzymes could thus have a larger role than previously thought in the metabolism of xyloglucan. Finally, Atxyl1 lines showed a reduced ability to control the anisotropic growth pattern of different organs, pointing to the importance of xyloglucan in this process. The promoter of AtXYL1 was shown to direct expression to many different organs and cell types undergoing cell wall modifications, including trichomes, vasculature, stomata, and elongating anther filaments.

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The MUR3 Gene of Arabidopsis Encodes a Xyloglucan Galactosyltransferase That Is Evolutionarily Related to Animal Exostosins

Cited by 296 publications

References 40 publications

The Organization Pattern of Root Border-Like Cells of Arabidopsis Is Dependent on Cell Wall Homogalacturonan

The Organization Pattern of Root Border-Like Cells of Arabidopsis Is Dependent on Cell Wall Homogalacturonan

The PEN1 Syntaxin Defines a Novel Cellular Compartment upon Fungal Attack and Is Required for the Timely Assembly of Papillae

Lack of α-Xylosidase Activity in Arabidopsis Alters Xyloglucan Composition and Results in Growth Defects

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