The Iberian type of volcano-sedimentary massive sulphide deposits

Sáez, Reinaldo; Pascual, Emilio Soler; Toscano, Manuel; Almodóvar, G. R.

doi:10.1007/s001260050220

Cited by 275 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…The massive sulphide deposits are considered to be spatially associated to felsic (dacitic to rhyolitic) volcanic units (Routhier et al 1980;Barriga 1990;Barriga et al 1997), black shales (Barriga et al 1997;Tornos 2006), or both (Barriga et al 1997;Sáez et al 1999;Relvas 2000;Tornos 2006). The volcanic rocks are only approximately 25 % of the stratigraphic record of the VSC, the remaining 75 % are mainly mudstone.…”

Section: Physical Volcanologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of reactive volcanic rocks related to stockworks, as is the case in many deposits in the northern IPB. Sáez et al (1999) went further and proposed that most IPB massive sulphide deposits formed by subseafloor replacement of black muds. Barriga and Fyfe (1988), Barriga (1990) proposed that Aljustrel massive sulphide deposits, particularly Feitais, formed by shallow subseafloor replacement of volcanic and sedimentary rocks beneath a jasper cap that inhibited oxidation and dispersion of sulphides.…”

Section: Metallogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, despite the fact that melt inclusions in quartz phenocrysts in the IPB felsic volcanic rocks suggest possible Sn-rich granites at depth (Huston et al 2011), the felsic (dacitic to rhyolitic) subvolcanic sills occurring in several areas intruded after the formation of the VHMS deposits, contradicting Boulter's (1996) hypothesis that the intrusions triggered massive sulphide formation. Additionally, basaltic subvolcanic sills predate massive sulphides in Rio Tinto and Tharsis (Tornos et al 1998(Tornos et al , 2000, although in Aznalcóllar they occur beneath the massive sulphide deposits and therefore a link was suggested between mafic volcanism and VHMS deposits as possible in Aznalcóllar Sáez et al 1999). In fact, in other VHMS belts there are massive sulphide deposits interpreted as formed by magmatic-hydrothermal fluids derived from subvolcanic felsic igneous complexes accompanied by mafic-ultramafic rocks (Galley 2003;Díez-Montes and Bellido-Mulas 2008).…”

Section: Metallogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introduction and Geological Setting of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

Inverno

Montes

Rosa

et al. 2015

Mineral Resource Reviews

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The 250 × 20-70 km Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is a Variscan metallogenic province in SW Portugal and Spain hosting the largest concentration of massive sulphide deposits worldwide. The lowermost stratigraphic unit is the early Givetian to late Famennian-Strunian (base unknown) PhylliteQuartzite Group (PQG), with shales, quartz-sandstones, quartzwacke siltstones, minor conglomerate and limestones at the top. The PQG is overlain by the Volcanic Sedimentary Complex (VSC), of late Famennian to mid-late Visean age, with a lower part of mafic volcanic rocks, rhyolites, dacites and dark shales, hosting VHMS deposits on top (many times capped by a jasper/chert layer), and an upper part, with dark, purple and other shales and volcanogenic/volcaniclastic rocks, carrying Mn oxide deposits. The VSC is covered by the thousands of meters thick Baixo Alentejo Flysch Group of late Visean to Moscovian age. The VSC

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Section: Physical Volcanologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metallogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metallogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introduction and Geological Setting of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

Inverno

Montes

Rosa

et al. 2015

Mineral Resource Reviews

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“…Palynology has provided a similar age in several sectors of the IPB, such as Tharsis, Aznalcóllar, SotielCoronada or Neves-Corvo (González et al 2002;Sáez et al 2008), which suggest that a single mineralization event was responsible for the genesis of all massive sulphide deposits in the IPB. Sáez et al 1999). …”

Section: Geological Setting Of the Iberian Pyrite Beltmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leistel et al 1998;Sáez et al 1999). The sulphide deposits were formed during the DevonoCarboniferous period and folded by the Variscan orogeny.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case study of the internal structures of gossans and weathering processes in the Iberian Pyrite Belt using magnetic fabrics and paleomagnetic dating

et al. 2011

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International audienceIn the Rio Tinto district of the Iberian Pryrite Belt of South Spain, the weathering of massive sulfide bodies form iron caps, i.e., true gossans and their subsequent alteration and re-sedimentation has resulted in iron terraces, i.e., displaced gossans. To study the stucture and evolution of both types of gossans, magnetic investigations have been carried out with two foci: (1) the characterisation and spatial distribution of magnetic fabrics in different mineralised settings, including massive sulfides, gossans, and terraces, and (2) paleomagnetic dating. Hematite has been identified as the suceptibility carrier in all sites and magnetic fabric investigation of four gossans reveals a vertical variation from top to bottom, with: (1) a horizontal foliation refered to as "mature" fabric in the uppermost part of the primary gossans, (2) highly inclined or vertical foliation interpreted as "immature" fabric between the uppermost and lowermost parts, and (3) a vertical foliation interpreted to be inherited from Hercynian deformation in the lowermost part of the profiles. In terraces, a horizontal foliation dominates and is interpreted to be a "sedimentary" fabric. Rock magnetic studies of gossan samples have identified goethite as the magnetic remanence carrier for the low-temperature component, showing either a single direction close to the present Earth field (PEF) direction or random directions. Maghemite, hematite, and occasionally magnetite are the remanence carriers for the stable high-temperature component that is characterized by non PEF directions with both normal and reversed magnetic polarities. No reliable conclusion can be yet be drawn on the timing of terrace magnetization due to the small number of samples. In gossans, the polarity is reversed in the upper part and normal in the lower part. This vertical distribution with a negative reversal test suggests remanence formation during two distinct periods. Remanence in the upper parts of the gossans is older than in the lower parts, indicating that the alteration proceeded from top to bottom of the profiles. In the upper part, the older age and the horizontal "mature" fabric is interpreted to be a high maturation stage of massive sulfides' alteration. In the lower part, the age is younger and the inherited "imature" vertical Hercynian fabric indicates a weak maturation stage. These two distinct periods may reflect changes of paleoclimate, erosion, and/or tectonic motion

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Isotope systematics and fluid inclusion studies of the Hongtaiping Cu–Pb–Zn deposit in Yanbian,NEChina: Implications for ore genesis

et al. 2020

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The Hongtaiping Cu-Pb-Zn deposit is located in the central part of the Yanbian-Dongning region, NE China, which is the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization occurs in the contact zone of the Lower Permian Miaoling and Kedao formations with tuff lavas, tuffs, and marlstones as the principal host rocks. The orebodies are distributed in stratiform, stratiform-like and lenticular morphologies, consistent with the host strata. Field investigations indicate three ore facies consisting of stringer-stockwork, massive, and laminated ores in the Hongtaiping deposit, which show apparent variation spatially from bottom to top of sulphide types. A lot of liquid-rich fluid inclusions were identified in mineral crystals from the three types of ore facies with complete homogenization temperatures varying from 162 to 249 C and salinities in the range of 3.3 to 9.6 wt% NaCl equiv. The δD and 18 O H 2 O values of calcite samples from the stringer or stockwork ores range from −82.0 to −75.1‰ and 3.3 to 3.7‰, respectively, lower than those (δD values of −64.1 to −38.8‰, 18 O H 2 O values of −0.9 to 2.2‰) of the massive and laminated ores. In addition, the calcite samples show restricted δ 13 C values from −6.8 to −4.0‰. These fluid inclusions and H-O-C isotope geochemistry suggest that oreforming fluids of the Hongtaiping deposit were mainly sourced from heated seawater or brine derived, with the carbon from marine carbonates by water-rock interaction. The δ 34 S values of sulphide separates from the stringer-stockwork, massive and laminated ores range from −15.2 to −9.2‰ with an average value of −12.3‰. The sul

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The Iberian type of volcano-sedimentary massive sulphide deposits

Cited by 275 publications

References 75 publications

Introduction and Geological Setting of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

Introduction and Geological Setting of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

A case study of the internal structures of gossans and weathering processes in the Iberian Pyrite Belt using magnetic fabrics and paleomagnetic dating

Isotope systematics and fluid inclusion studies of the Hongtaiping Cu–Pb–Zn deposit in Yanbian,NEChina: Implications for ore genesis

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