The immediate action of an intravenous injection of blood‐serum

Brodie, T. G.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1900.sp000821

Cited by 64 publications

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“…The toxic actions of serum in cats were in other animals. first examined by Brodie (1900). His records of the changes occurring in blood pressure and SUMMARY respiration are undistinguishable from the tracings we obtained with ATP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Systemic Effects of Adenosine Triphosphate

Emmelin

Feldberg

1948

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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The experiments described in the present paper were the outcome of an incidental observation made in decerebrate cats when adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was injected into the artery supplying a leg muscle, the tibialis anticus. These injections were intended to produce the direct muscle contracting action of ATP first described by Buchthal and Kahlson (1944). We started with small doses of ATP which gave no contractile response; the dose was then increased with the result that sometimes, but by no means always, immediate weak contractions could be recorded from the tibialis anticus, but the injections produced additional and more striking effects. After a latency of some 30 seconds, the time necessary for the ATP to reach the general circulation after having passed through the tibialis anticus muscle, respiratory changes occurred, followed by strong contractions of the skeletal muscles of the limbs and the whole body of the animal. ATP is known to produce profound changes in the cardio-vascular system (Drury and Szent-Gyorgyi, 1929;Gaddum and Holtz, 1933;Gillespie-, 1934;McDowall, 1944;Bielschowsky, Green and Stoner, 1946) and the possibility was therefore envisaged that these general effects might be the outcome of circulatory events.The present paper deals with circulatory, respiratory, and other systemic effects of ATP when injected into different parts-of the circulatory system. cannulated in this case. The heart rate was read from the tracing of the systemic blood pressure; for this purpose the drum was run at a fast speed. METHODSFor intravenous injections of ATP cannulae were tied into a jugular or femoral vein. When the ATP was intended to reach the systemic, without first passing the pulmonary circulation, it was injected either into the left auricle or through a glass cannula tied into the left auricle or through a long fine syringe needle, with a blunt tip, which was passed through an opening in the right external carotid or subclavian artery down to the base of the ascending aorta. Heparin was often given in these experiments. For injecting ATP into the brain circulation it was injected into the vertebral or external carotid artery. For the injections into the vertebral artery again a fine blunt needle attached to a syringe, filled with the amount of ATP to be injected, was passed through an arterial side branch into the vertebral artery. In order to ensure that all the injected ATP passed down the vertebral artery the vessel was sometimes tied over the needle during the injection, but immediately afterwards the ligature was loosened and the needle withdrawn so that the blood supply to the vertebral artery was restored. When ATP was injected into the external carotid, the carotid sinus region was usually denervated and the injections were made through a cannula tied into the lingual artery pointing toward the carotid, which during the injections was kept clamped at its aortic end with an arterial clip.When we began injecting A1T into the left coronary artery we used cats and introduced a fine blunt sy...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Systemic Effects of Adenosine Triphosphate

Emmelin

Feldberg

1948

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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“…Brodie (4) was the first to describe a complex cardiorespiratory response, which included bradycardia, hy-potension, and apnea followed by rapid, shallow breathing and bronchoconstriction, after IV injection of horse serum in cats. Since then, various chemicals, including phenyl diguanide, capsaicin (8), and lactic acid (20,22), have been shown to evoke a PCR in numerous species, including conscious adult sheep (7).…”

Section: Pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal maturation of vagal respiratory reflexes in preterm and full-term lambs

Arsenault

Moreau-Bussière

Reix

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physiology

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The postnatal development of ventilatory reflexes originating from bronchopulmonary receptors was assessed in preterm vs. full-term lambs. Ventilation and arterial pressure were repeatedly measured in 10 preterm (gestational age, 132 days) and 7 full-term lambs without sedation from day 1 to day 42. The Hering-Breuer inhibitory reflex (slowly adapting stretch receptors) was assessed by the increase in expiratory time during end-inspiratory occlusion. The pulmonary chemoreflex (C-fiber endings) was assessed by the initial apnea + bradycardia + systemic hypotension and the secondary tachypnea after capsaicin intravenous injection. Results show the following. 1) Premature birth did not modify the maturation of the Hering-Breuer reflex. 2) Whereas a classic pulmonary chemoreflex was observed in the very first hours of life in preterm lambs, the tachypneic component of this reflex was weaker than in full-term lambs on day 1. 3) Premature birth led to a reversed postnatal maturation of this tachypneic response (tendency to increase with postnatal age). Our findings suggest that premature birth in lambs modifies postnatal maturation of the pulmonary chemoreflex.

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“…The fact that defibrinogenated blood increased vascular tone in perfused dog muscle was first reported by Ludwig and Schmidt (1868) , and Page (1954) also quoted a paper by LT Stevens and FS Lee, who in 1884 reported the existence of a vasoconstrictive substance in clotted blood. This finding was supported by the later work of TG Brodie, the Director of the combined laboratories of the Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Surgeons in London, who observed that preventing blood from clotting, by adding sodium citrate, also prevented the action of the vasoconstrictive substance ( Brodie, 1900 , 1903 ). Subsequent attempts were made to identify the substance further by examining whether it was heat stable and dialysable, but many of the data were conflicting and have been reviewed in detail elsewhere ( Page, 1954 ).…”

Section: The Characterization and Identification Of 5‐htmentioning

confidence: 77%

Gaddum and LSD: the birth and growth of experimental and clinical neuropharmacology research on 5‐HT in the UK

Green

2008

British J Pharmacology

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The vasoconstrictor substance named serotonin was identified as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by Maurice Rapport in 1949. In 1951, Rapport gave Gaddum samples of 5-HT substance allowing him to develop a bioassay to both detect and measure the amine. Gaddum and colleagues rapidly identified 5-HT in brain and showed that lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) antagonized its action in peripheral tissues. Gaddum accordingly postulated that 5-HT might have a role in mood regulation. This review examines the role of UK scientists in the first 20 years following these major discoveries, discussing their role in developing assays for 5-HT in the CNS, identifying the enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of 5-HT and investigating the effect of drugs on brain 5-HT. It reviews studies on the effects of LSD in humans, including Gaddum's self-administration experiments. It outlines investigations on the role of 5-HT in psychiatric disorders, including studies on the effect of antidepressant drugs on the 5-HT concentration in rodent and human brain, and the attempts to examine 5-HT biochemistry in the brains of patients with depressive illness. It is clear that a rather small group of both preclinical scientists and psychiatrists in the UK made major advances in our understanding of the role of 5-HT in the brain, paving the way for much of the knowledge now taken for granted when discussing ways that 5-HT might be involved in the control of mood and the idea that therapeutic drugs used to alleviate psychiatric illness might alter the function of cerebral 5-HT.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008Pharmacology ( ) 154, 1583Pharmacology ( -1599 doi:10.1038/bjp.2008 published online 26 May 2008 Keywords: 5-hydroxytryptamine; lysergic acid diethylamide; depression; brain; antidepressant drugs; monoamines; history; platelets; monoamine oxidase inhibitors; tricyclic antidepressants Abbreviations: 5-HIAA, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid; 5-HTP, 5-hydroxytryptophan; NIH, National Institutes of Health; MAO, monoamine oxidase IntroductionThe history of recent science can be evaluated in two ways, not necessarily exclusively. One approach examines the published literature, primarily journals, to give an accurate time line of the primacy of presentation of new knowledge to the world, although this does not always indicate primacy of discovery. Consequently, the information gained does not always give a clear idea of how the investigator became involved in a specific research project or the way in which ideas developed. The other approach is to talk to the scientists involved in the research, or to colleagues or friends of those involved in the research, to obtain their personal views of events, people and priority. This latter approach has been used recently in the area of psychopharmacology (Healy, 1996(Healy, , 1998(Healy, , 1999 and is of course the basis of many personal reviews published in major journals. However, such reviews can be biased by personal memory and even, it has to be said, personal prejudice. Goodfield, a scientific...

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The immediate action of an intravenous injection of blood‐serum

Cited by 64 publications

References 0 publications

Systemic Effects of Adenosine Triphosphate

Systemic Effects of Adenosine Triphosphate

Postnatal maturation of vagal respiratory reflexes in preterm and full-term lambs

Gaddum and LSD: the birth and growth of experimental and clinical neuropharmacology research on 5‐HT in the UK

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