The immune response to airway mycosis

Li, Evan; Rodriguez, Antony; Luong, Amber U.; Allen, David Z.; Knight, John; Kheradmand, Farrah; Corry, David B.

doi:10.1016/j.mib.2021.04.009

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, a recent study by Wu et al reveals that this is not the case for the yeast Candida albicans 1 . Building on their earlier research into the role of fungi in airway diseases, 2 they map out a pathway of how C . albicans causes allergic airway disease along with Th2 and Th17 responses (Figure 1).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

When platelets meet candidalysin: “We just Wnt to have fun”

Bulut

Geckin

Domínguez‐Andrés

2022

Allergy

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

When platelets meet candidalysin: “We just Wnt to have fun”

Bulut

Geckin

Domínguez‐Andrés

2022

Allergy

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“…Кроме того, инфекции, вызванные данными патогенами, все чаще выявляются у лиц с сахарным диабетом, а также в результате перенесенных травм или ятрогенных повреждений [13]. Наиболее часто встречаемые патогены рода Rhizopus -R. microsporus, R. stolonifer, R. oryzae [14], а среди грибов рода Mucor преобладают M. ramosissimus, M. circinelloides, M. indicus [15].…”

Section: эпидемиологияunclassified

Invasive Fungal Infections: Epidemiology and Diagnosis (Literature Review)

Казак¹,

Черновецкий²,

Скоповец³

2022

Лабораторная Диагностика. Восточная Европа

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Грибковые инфекции характеризуются высоким уровнем распространенности среди людей, и их проявления могут быть от легких поверхностных поражений кожи и ногтевых пластин до опасных для жизни оппортунистических инвазивных микозов. Инвазивные грибковые инфекции (ИГИ) характеризуются высокой заболеваемостью и смертностью у пациентов с ослабленным иммунитетом. Среди ИГИ кандидоз продолжает оставаться основной причиной инвазивных грибковых инфекций кровотока, в то время как аспергиллез и мукормикоз чаще встречаются у онкогематологических пациентов и реципиентов трансплантатов гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (ТГСК), а также внутренних органов. Ранняя диагностика и своевременная противогрибковая профилактика являются ключевыми факторами для предотвращения развития ИГИ. Диагностика микозов представляет собой определенную сложность, поскольку клинические и рентгенологические данные часто неспецифичны; объем образца, необходимый для обеспечения хорошей чувствительности анализа, зачастую бывает недостаточен; культуральные методы имеют ограниченную чувствительность и эффективность; забор материала для проведения гистопатологического исследования может представлять опасность для здоровья и жизни пациентов. Для повышения качества диагностики и терапии грибковых инфекций необходимо использование методов, характеризующихся высокой чувствительностью, специфичностью и не требующих длительного выполнения исследования. Число случаев ИГИ растет, поэтому появление новых высокоэффективных методов диагностики на ранних стадиях инфекции может стать одним из путей снижения уровня заболеваемости и смертности при данных видах инфекций. Цель данного обзора – осветить современные подходы и достижения, связанные с диагностикой инвазивных грибковых инфекций. Fungal infections are highly prevalent in humans and may be manifested from mild superficial skin and nail lesions to life-threatening opportunistic invasive fungal infections. Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are characterized by high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Among IFIs, candidiasis continues to be the main cause of invasive fungal infections of the bloodstream, while aspergillosis and mucormycosis are more common in hematological patients and recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT), as well as internal organs. Early diagnosis and timely antifungal prophylaxis are key to preventing the development of IFIs. Diagnosis of fungal infections is difficult because clinical and radiological findings are often nonspecific; the sample volume required to provide good assay sensitivity is often insufficient; cultural methods have limited sensitivity and efficiency; the collection of material for histopathological examination can be health- and life-threatening for patients. To improve the quality of diagnosis and therapy of fungal infections, it is necessary to use methods that are characterized by high sensitivity, specificity and do not require long-term study. The number of cases of IFIs is growing, so the emergence of new highly effective diagnostic methods in the early stages of infection can be one of the ways to reduce the incidence and mortality in these types of infections. The purpose of this review is to highlight modern approach and recent advances in the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.

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“…An important exception is the recognition of allergic stimuli by TLR4 through the binding of fibrinogen cleavage products or by functional mimicry of the TLR4 binding protein MD-2 by allergens (Hammad et al, 2009;Trompette et al, 2009;Millien et al, 2013). Proteolytic activity is a common feature of allergens, and the release of extracellular proteases is also a prominent feature of fungal growth and parasite invasion (Li et al, 2021). Fibrinogen cleavage products directly upregulate MUC5AC production in isolated airway epithelial cells (Millien et al, 2013), and protease-activated receptors (PARs) also sense the presence of pathogens and allergens (Li et al, 2021).…”

Section: Sensing Type 2 Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns Damage-associated Molecular Patterns and Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proteolytic activity is a common feature of allergens, and the release of extracellular proteases is also a prominent feature of fungal growth and parasite invasion (Li et al, 2021). Fibrinogen cleavage products directly upregulate MUC5AC production in isolated airway epithelial cells (Millien et al, 2013), and protease-activated receptors (PARs) also sense the presence of pathogens and allergens (Li et al, 2021).…”

Section: Sensing Type 2 Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns Damage-associated Molecular Patterns and Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In turn, upregulated expression of chitinases and chitinase-like proteins is a prominent feature of Type 2 responses. Other fungal cell wall components that activate Type 2 responses are β-glucans, galactomannans, and mannoproteins, which signal via C-type lectin-type receptors (CLR) on epithelial cells directly or indirectly through leukocytes (Li et al, 2021). Tuft cells are a rare cell type in the airway that express receptors for succinate and tastants, leading to the release of eicosanoids and IL-25 that strongly induce Type 2 responses (Schneider et al, 2019).…”

Section: Sensing Type 2 Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns Damage-associated Molecular Patterns and Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airway Epithelial Innate Immunity

et al. 2021

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Besides providing an essential protective barrier, airway epithelial cells directly sense pathogens and respond defensively. This is a frontline component of the innate immune system with specificity for different pathogen classes. It occurs in the context of numerous interactions with leukocytes, but here we focus on intrinsic epithelial mechanisms. Type 1 immune responses are directed primarily at intracellular pathogens, particularly viruses. Prominent stimuli include microbial nucleic acids and interferons released from neighboring epithelial cells. Epithelial responses revolve around changes in the expression of interferon-sensitive genes (ISGs) that interfere with viral replication, as well as the further induction of interferons that signal in autocrine and paracrine manners. Type 2 immune responses are directed primarily at helminths and fungi. Prominent pathogen stimuli include proteases and chitin, and important responses include mucin hypersecretion and chitinase release. Type 3 immune responses are directed primarily at extracellular microbial pathogens, including bacteria and fungi, as well as viruses during their extracellular phase of infection. Prominent microbial stimuli include bacterial wall components, such as lipopeptides and endotoxin, as well as microbial nucleic acids. Key responses are the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). For all three types of response, paracrine signaling to neighboring epithelial cells induces resistance to infection over a wide field. Often, the epithelial effector molecules themselves also have signaling properties, in addition to the release of inflammatory cytokines that boost local innate immunity. Together, these epithelial mechanisms provide a powerful first line of pathogen defense, recruit leukocytes, and instruct adaptive immune responses.

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The immune response to airway mycosis

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

When platelets meet candidalysin: “We just Wnt to have fun”

When platelets meet candidalysin: “We just Wnt to have fun”

Invasive Fungal Infections: Epidemiology and Diagnosis (Literature Review)

Airway Epithelial Innate Immunity

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