The immunochemistry of <i>Shigella flexneri</i> O-antigens. The biochemical basis of smooth to rough mutation

Johnston, Joan; Johnston, R. J.; Simmons, D. A. R.

doi:10.1042/bj1050079

Cited by 56 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…In other groups of bacteria, however, the core structure may be different [18,20,50,50aPc3. It has been shown that occasionally different core structures carry identical 0-specific chains 150bl. Similarly, structural differences exist in the lipid A component of other genera with respect to the glucosamine disaccharide 1581 as well as to the fatty acids [59-621.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recent Results on the Biochemistry of the Cell Wall Lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella Bacteria

Lüderitz

1970

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

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Lipopolysaccharides, which are located in the cell wall of gram‐negative bacteria, are characterized by their biological versatility. They represent the O antigens of the bacteria, they are potent endotoxins, and they often function as the receptor sites for bacteriophages. The study of the mode of action of lipopolysaccharides and the search for structures in the macromolecules that are responsible for biological activity became promising when principles of the chemical fine structure of lipopolysaccharides were identified. The following review summarizes the results of recent investigations regarding the structure of lipopolysaccharides, their biosynthesis and its genetic determination.

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confidence: 99%

Recent Results on the Biochemistry of the Cell Wall Lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella Bacteria

Lüderitz

1970

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.

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“…Unerwartet ist auflerdem, da13 in allen Fraktionen 6-5013 nach HNO,-Abbau nur noch Glucose in groSeren Mengen nachweisbar war. Hier lie13 die bisher angenommene Struktur (JOHNSTON et al 1967) einen deutlichen Anstieg der Galaktosewerte erwarten.…”

Section: Diskuseionunclassified

Untersuchungen zur Antigenstruktur von Shigellen Heterogenität der spezifischen Polysaccharide von zwei Shigella flexneri‐Stämmen und zwei Sh. flexneri/Escherichia coli‐Hybriden

Seltmann

Beer

1977

J of Basic Microbiology

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The S-specific polysaccharide from 2 Sh. flexneri wild strains (with serological var. Xand var. Y-specificity, respectively) and 2 Sh. jlexneri E . coli hybrids (with the same specificities) can be separated by means of gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and G-50 into altogether 6 fractions per strain. Fraction 6-200/1 (molecular weight > 10OD) represents a polymer consisting nearly exclusively of glucose and is present mainly in the two Y-type strains, much less in the two Xtype strains. Fractions G-200/2 and G-200/3 (molecular weight -106D and -2 * lo4 D, respectively) seem to consist mainly of the S-specific side chains while fraction G-50/2 (molecular weight -2000 D) presumably contains an SR-polysaccharide (core with one repeating unit). Fraction G-50/3 (molecular weight -1000 D) contains the core polysaccharide and fraction G-50/4 splitting products (mainly KDO). No significant differences in chromatographical behaviour and quantitative composition could be found between the polysaccharides of the wild strains and the hybrid strains.Because of the well-known stability of the glucosaminyl linkages the sugar analysis was not only performed after acidic hydrolysis. I n some cases the acid hydrolysate was reacted with HNO, to cleave the glucosaminyl linkages. I n most cases the values obtained now were higher than those obtained directly. 27'

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“…Jlexneri R-LPS preparations (Johnston et al, 1968), those of rough serotypes la-R, 2a-R, 3a-R, 4a-R,, 4a-R2, 5-R and variant X-R contained free side-chains bound together as in the 0-specific structures, because they precipitated with the homologous smooth S . Jlexneri antiserum.…”

Section: Structure Of the Basal Region Of Sj-lexneri Lipopolysaccharmentioning

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Structure and biology of Shigella flexneri O antigens

Simmons

Romanowska

1987

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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108

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The species Shigellajiexneri comprises a serologically heterogeneous group of dysentery bacilli whose 0 antigens are polysaccharide-lipid Apolypeptide-lipid B complexes strictly comparable in their gross structural and biological properties to the analogous antigens present in all gram-negative bacilli of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Simmons, 1971a). As shown in fig. 1, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of these antigens comprises two distinct regions-a common basal structure shared by all S . JIexneri serotypes (except serotype 6) and 0-specific side-chains that determine the serological specificity and cross-reactivity of the whole antigen (Simmons, 1966). The common basal sugars 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose phosphate, D-glucose, D-galactose and Nacetyl-D-glucosamine are incorporated into the growing basal structure in that order and defects in the genes controlling this biosynthetic pathway result in an incomplete basal structure of rough (R) specificity (Johnston et al., 1967). The 0-specific side-chains (each consisting of six to eight repeating pentasaccharide units) may be further subdivided into two regions-a primary unbranched chain of L-rhamnose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine identical to the variant Y antigen, and secondary side-chains of a-D-glucosyl and 0-acetyl residues which are substituted on the primary chain in a position that is unique for each serotype (Simmons, 1969). The specificity of the linkage of the glucose secondary side-chain is governed by specific UDP-glucose transferases that are phage-dependent and map near the lac locus (Manson et al., 1970). Loss of the phage attachment site in recombination experiments with Escherichia coli HfrC (lac+) strains usually leads to loss of the glucose secondary sidechains and, thus, to the production of lactosefermenting hybrids of variant Y-type specificity (Manson et al., 1970). However, hybrids with other specificities have also been described (Romanowska and Lachowicz, 1970 ;Katzenellenbogen et al., 1973;Lugowski et al., 1975).In an earlier review (Simmons, 197 la), structural and genetic aspects of the biosynthesis of the S. JIexneri 0 antigens were considered in detail. The conclusions drawn at that time about the structural changes involved in smooth to rough (S-+R) mutation, in the production of X and Y variants, and in the modification of type-specificity by lysogenic conversion remain valid today. However, some of the structures themselves require to be revised, largely as a result of methylation studies performed during the past decade by Lindberg and his colleagues (Lindberg et al., 1973;Kenne et al., 1977a and b ;Kenne et al., 1978). This review summarises the evidence for these currently accepted structures and indicates how these studies have elucidated the biology of the S. J-lexneri 0 antigens. Structure of the basal region of S.J-lexneri lipopolysaccharidesThe biosynthesis of the S. jiexneri LPS basal region proceeds from the 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonatelipid A core of chemotype Re by the sequential addition of...

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The immunochemistry of Shigella flexneri O-antigens. The biochemical basis of smooth to rough mutation

Cited by 56 publications

References 19 publications

Recent Results on the Biochemistry of the Cell Wall Lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella Bacteria

Recent Results on the Biochemistry of the Cell Wall Lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella Bacteria

Untersuchungen zur Antigenstruktur von Shigellen Heterogenität der spezifischen Polysaccharide von zwei Shigella flexneri‐Stämmen und zwei Sh. flexneri/Escherichia coli‐Hybriden

Structure and biology of Shigella flexneri O antigens

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