The Immunological Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Characteristics of Children in Tajikistan Republic

Abstract

The epidemiological situation in Tajikistan Republic deteriorated in the 1990s, when an influx of refugees from Afghanistan resulted in mass importation of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria to Khatlon region. The National Programme of Malaria Control was successful and malaria transmission was interrupted in 2009. Background. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of immunological response in Tajik children with tropical Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Materials and Methods. We examined 124 patients with P. falciparum malaria at the age of 6 months up to 14 years that were hospitalized in Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital in Dushanbe city and in Regional hospital of Khatlon region in the period 2000-2007. In most cases, they were school-age children (56%). The peak incidence was recorded in July-October. Verification of the diagnosis was based on clinical, epidemiological data, and the results of blood microscopy. In all patients, along with the standard, clinical, and laboratory tests, a number of indicators of the immune status were performed that include the T-immunity, the content of serum immunoglobulins of three main classes, the level of circulating immune complexes (CIC), C3 complement, and the concentration of key serum cytokines that have been studied in the dynamics of infectious process. Finding. The study of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria is an obvious additional criterion in assessing the severity of infection. The imbalance of cytokine profile is an important pathogenic factor in the development of severe and recurrent forms of the disease, since the formation of a defective immune response to parasitic antigens contributes to adverse outcomes. Conclusions. Plasmodium falciparum malaria was characterized by depression of cellular and humoral immunity, the degree of which depended on the severity of the pathological process.

Optimizing the Intensive Care Treatment of Severe and Complicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Nonimmune Patients

“…The protocol was aimed at restoring impaired homeostasis, and the theoretical insight of the procedures involves the removal of a wide variety of biologically active substances (parasite antigens, excess interleukins, tumour necrosis factor, and other cytokines). Numerous studies have implicated a dysregulated immune response and cytokine balance to severe P. falciparum malaria [ 15 – 17 ], and this vital factor was demonstrated in one of our previous research [18]. Hemodiafiltration procedures can remove molecules with a molecular weight up to 50 kDa.…”

A stability theorem for equilibria of delay differential equations in a critical case with application to a model of cell evolution

“…We only concentrate on the evolution of merozoites during malaria, since their number considerably overcomes that of the gametocytes and their impact is responsible for the damaging effects of the disease. The influence of the immune system in the evolution of malaria is well recognized ( [15], [17], so it is also considered in the model in the second stage of the illness, the blood stage. The model for the action of the immune system is based on [16], [17].…”

Ciência dos Materiais: Pesquisas e desenvolvimento no âmbito da UFAM

“…Cinco espécies de parasitas provocam a infecção da malária nos humanos: Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae e Plasmodium knowlesi, sendo atualmente Pf o principal foco da doença. Infecções graves por Pf podem provocar lesões de órgãos sistêmicos e defeitos nos mecanismos imunorreguladores da resposta do paciente, causando a recorrência da doença e o desenvolvimento de um estado portador parasitário assintomático (BLAIR TRUJILLO et al, 2003;KHODZHAEVA et al, 2019). O Pf sintetiza um conjunto de proteínas solúveis formadas no desenvolvimento eritrocítico assexual sendo que, uma delas, consiste em uma proteína rica em histidina 2 encontrada fundamentalmente no citoplasma do parasita e liberada em abundância na corrente sanguínea do hospedeiro, a HRP2.…”