“…Meanwhile, for the robustness test, the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian Multiplier (BPLM) test was applied in order to deter-mine the appropriate estimation model to be used -either POLS or panel Generalized Least Square (GLS). In addition, a subsequent test, the Hausman test, was conducted to select the most appropriate estimation method, either a fixed effect model (FEM) or a random effect model (REM), in the case that the panel GLS model was indicated by the previous test (Al-Mamoorey & Al-Rubaye, 2020;Delawi & Ramo, 2020;Fayed & Ezzat, 2020;Gomez-Piqueras et al, 2020;Gumus et al, 2020;Hussain et al, 2020a;Hussain et al, 2020b;Hussain et al, 2019;Mohsin et al, 2020;Sell, 2020;Villena-Serrano et al, 2020). Therefore, by setting the financial and social efficiency scores as the dependent variables, the baseline regression model can be estimated as below:…”