The importance of e-service and e-satisfaction in the education sector has increased nowadays due to the COVID 19 pandemic and most of the universities have shifted to electronic platforms to communicate with their students. Some studies had been conducted in Iraq and other developing countries to measure e-service and e-satisfaction in the education sector. the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of e-service on e-satisfaction among undergraduate students. The survey was conducted at three private universities located in Erbil, Iraq. The study employed a convenience sample and the data was collected using questionnaires. Later, the questionnaire responses were analysed by AMOS after ensuring the validity and reliability of the model. The results showed that the responsiveness and privacy and security had a positive and significant effect on students’ e-satisfaction. On the other hand, efficiency, reliability and ease of use had an insignificant impact on e-satisfaction among students. The results indicated that responsiveness was the most important factor and led to an increase in the e-satisfaction among students. As such, the decision-makers at universities should be concerned and work towards enhancing the responsiveness as well the privacy and security for students.

Organizations should enhance justice in the workplace to increase the satisfaction among employees. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of organizational justice on job satisfaction among nurses. The study cohort was composed of nurses from 2 public hospitals. A stratified sampling technique was employed to ensure better representation of samples from the 2 hospitals. A total of 184 valid questionnaires from 2 public hospitals were analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results showed that the 3 dimensions of organizational justice, namely distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice, have a positive and significant impact on the nurses' job satisfaction. Distributive justice showed a greater impact on job satisfaction than procedural justice and interactional justice. The supervisors and administrators should be provided with information on how improvement in organizational justice leads to job satisfaction and on-the-job facilitation of employee innovation. The results of this study provide a clear image for hospital administrations about the substantial role of justice in the workplace.

The devastating effect of the crisis of 2011 on Syrian tourism industry was enormous; this led the industry's hoteliers to shift their attention to different strategies and organizational change to regain the business lost from such crisis. This research introduces the concept of reciprocal leadership as an effective tool in implementing organizational change in Dama Rose Hotel post-Syrian crisis of 2011. We presented the research problem in the following question: Do the dimensions of reciprocal leadership have any role in the success of managing the process of organizational change? The research used a qualitative approach; the primary data was composed of a questionnaire distributed to 65employeesworking at Dama Rose Hotel located in Damascus, Syria. The secondary data was composed of scientific journals, website, and textbooks.  The outcome showed a positive relationship between reciprocal leadership dimensions on the process of managing the organizational change in the hotel, and there was a positive relationship between reciprocal leadership and organizational change.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) among secondary school Teachers. The survey conducted among Teachers in Eight Secondary schools located in the Heet City of Iraq. The study utilized the questionnaire as a tool to collect the data. Likewise, the study employed a stratified technique sample due to the different number of teachers in each school. However, to ensure equal distribution, the stratified technique was more suitable for this study. 174 valid questionnaires analyzed by analysis of moment structures (AMOS). The results indicated both leadership style, Transformational and Transactional had a positive and significant impact on OCBs. However, the results showed that transformational leadership more essential to enhance the OCBs among teachers than the Transactional leadership style.

Mobile payments with significant economic potential have emerged due to the advancement of mobile communication technology and the widespread use of intelligent gadgets. However, the rate of mobile payment adoption is insuf- ficient. This study aims to measure behavioral intention to use Mobile payments. The target populations of the current study are mobile device users in Iraq. The study used Partial Least Square to measure 281 usable questioners. The results indi- cated that information quality, system quality, and service quality have a significant impact on trust and user satisfaction with mobile payment. Besides, trust and user satisfaction significantly impact behavioral intention to use m-payment. There- fore, Mobile payments services providers should constantly make sure that the information they give is correct and up to date. Furthermore, developers of mobile service systems must ensure that the Mobile payments system is dependable, simple to use, and responsive.