“…The study of Plambeck (2012) suggests that tremendous changes in supply chain design and operation are required to avert climate change and explains through case studies that how carbon emissions can be reduced profitably in supply chains. Furthermore, a few studies integrate carbon emissions concerns in forward supply chain problems such as network design, production planning, product mix and supplier selection (Jin et al, 2014;Zhang and Xu, 2013;Chaabane et al, 2012;Shaw et al, 2012;Bai and Sarkis, 2010;Letmathe and Balakrishnan, 2005;Gong and Zhou, 2013) and others investigate its impact on supply chain structures and transportation mode selection (Cachon, 2011;Hoen et al, 2014). Some studies incorporate emission concerns in inventory lot-sizing decision whichnot only influences total system-wide cost,customer service levels and carbon emissions significantly, but also affects other decisions such as packaging, waste and location (Bonney and Jaber, 2011).…”