The Impact of Cesarean and Vaginal Delivery on Results of Psychological Cognitive Test in 5 Year Old Children

Abstract

Background and objectives: The impact of cesarean and vaginal delivery on cognitive development was analyzed in 5 year old children. Materials and Methods: Two cohorts of 5 year old children born in the years 2013 and 2014 in Karvina (Northern Moravia) and Ceske Budejovice (Southern Bohemia) were studied for their cognitive development related to vaginal (n = 117) and cesarean types of delivery (n = 51). The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (BG test) and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM test) were used as psychological tests. Results: In the comparison of vaginal delivery vs. cesarean section, the children delivered by cesarean section scored lower and, therefore, achieved poorer performance in cognitive tests compared to those born by vaginal delivery, as shown in the RCPM (p < 0.001) and in the BG test (p < 0.001). When mothers’ education level was considered, the children whose mothers achieved a university degree scored higher in both the RCPM test (p < 0.001) and the BG test (p < 0.01) compared to the children of mothers with lower secondary education. When comparing mothers with a university degree to those with higher secondary education, there was a significant correlation between level of education and score achieved in the RCPM test (p < 0.001), but not in the BG test. Conclusions: According to our findings, the mode of delivery seems to have a significant influence on performance in psychological cognitive tests in 5 year old children in favor of those who were born by vaginal delivery. Since cesarean-born children scored notably below vaginally born children, it appears possible that cesarean delivery may have a convincingly adverse effect on children’s further cognitive development.

Early Environmental and Biological Influences on Preschool Motor Skills: Implications for Early Childhood Care and Education

“…However, unlike the results found by these authors, we have not found an influence of delivery mode on visual-motor coordination, visualmotor integration, or total fine motor skills (all referring to fine motor skills). Similarly, our results vary from those found by Blazkova et al (2020), who also found differences in visual-motor integration based on the children's delivery mode. Considering our results, and unlike those of other studies (Grace et al, 2017), it is not possible to absolutely declare that being born by Csection will result in poorer motor skills.…”

“…No statistically significant differences were found for locomotor and balance skills; (2) the effect of delivery mode on motor skills became more pronounced as the children became older. Blazkova et al (2020) also found that the mode of delivery had a major effect on visual-integration skills in 5-year-olds: those born via vaginal delivery had higher visual-motor integration than those born by C-section. No additional measures regarding motor skills were included in said study.…”

“…The mode of delivery has been directly related to biochemical and structural changes in the central nervous system, although their consequences are not wellknown. Thus far, literature on this area (especially referring to the influence of the delivery mode on motor skills) has been inconclusive, since studies are scarce and they offer conflicting results (Blazkova et al, 2020;Takács et al, 2020).…”

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“…Микробиолог доктор Peter Palese и его команда создали плазмиды, впоследствии использованные доктором Terrence Tumpey для реконструкции вируса, вызвавшего пандемию в 1918 г. [57].…”

“…Согласно исследованиям, способ родоразрешения оказывает влияние на развитие познавательных способностей 5-летних детей. Дети, рожденные с помощью кесарева сечения, при диагностике когнитивных функций показали менее успешные результаты, чем дети, рожденные естественным путем [57].…”