The Impact of Chlorhexidine-based Endodontic Treatment on Periapical Cytokine Expression in Teeth

Assessment of Apical Expression of Alpha-2 Integrin, Heat Shock Protein, and Proinflammatory and Immunoregulatory Cytokines in Response to Endodontic Infection

“…It has been associated with Th1 responses by increasing IL-12 and diminishing IL-10 production (20). In this study, OPN mRNA expression was significantly decreased on day 7 after cleaning procedures (P < .05), which mirrored the decrease of type 1 cytokines at the same time, as shown by others (24)(25)(26).…”

Clinical Influence of Different Intracanal Medications on Th1-type and Th2-type Cytokine Responses in Apical Periodontitis

“…It might be speculated that a favorable scenario would be of a well-balanced Th1 and Th2 response, suited to the immune challenge. To explore the efficacy of intracanal medications on Th1-type and Th2-type cytokines, the present study used a well-established sampling collection method (21,22) by comparing samples obtained immediately after the cleaning and shaping procedures (baseline inflammatory sample) with those collected after 7 or 14 days of intracanal medication treatment. Among the intracanal medications, calcium hydroxide is the most commonly used intracanal medicament because of its well-known and recognized antimicrobial activity (13)(14)(15)(16).…”

“…After root canal instrumentation and patency determination, 3 sterile paper points were introduced into the root canal through the root apex (2 mm) and kept there for 1 minute for sampling inflammatory cytokines from the interstitial fluid of the apical tissues (baseline inflammatory sample) (21,22). After withdrawal, the paper points were cut 4 mm from the tip and dropped into a 1.5-mL sterile plastic tube and immediately stored at À70 C for further analysis of the cytokines.…”

“…Despite the well-known antimicrobial property of Ca(OH)2 (13)(14)(15)(16) and chlorhexidine gel (CHX) (17)(18)(19) medications, which contributes to the establishment of new equilibrium between root canal pathogens and anti-infective defense mechanisms (20), their beneficial effect on the immune periapical response is of interest for optimization of the remodeling process (21,22). Currently, no clinical studies have compared the effectiveness of different intracanal medications on Th1-type and Th-2 type cytokine responses in apical periodontitis.…”

Influence of 2% chlorhexidine on pH, calcium release and setting time of a resinous MTA-based root-end filling material

“…Chlorhexidine (CHX), a cationic antimicrobial agent frequently used as a root canal irrigant 5 or as an inter-appointment root canal dressing, 6 has been added to conventional MTA as a sterile water substitute. 7 Studies have shown that MTA mixed with CHX produces a biocompatible material -insofar as it created weak inflammatory responses characterized by the presence of a fibrous connective tissue capsule in the subcutaneous tissues of rats 8 -with enhanced antimicrobial activity.…”