“…Consumers' perceived risks will affect the attitudes and interests of consumers in online shopping (Ghachem, Dobre, Etemad-Sajadi, & Milovan-Ciuta, 2019;Al-Gasawneh & Omer, 2020;Tham, Dastane, Johari, & Ismail, 2019). Perceived risk is caused by consumers' concerns about inappropriate or bad impacts experienced when shopping online.…”