The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey

The Nexus of FDI, R&D, and Human Capital on Chinese Sustainable Development: Evidence from a Two-Step Approach

“…In order to determine whether short run causality exists, the joint significance of the coefficients of each independent variable should be tested using the F-statistics of the Wald test. If the F-statistic of the explanatory variable is significant, then there is a short run causal relationship between that variable and the dependent variable [72]. In this study, I use the Granger causality test based on VECM to investigate the causal relationship between long and short run variables.…”

The Kenya Case of Multivariate Causality of Carbon Dioxide Emissions

“…The first set of studies including Cerdeira Bento and Moutinho [14], SekerErtugrul and Cetin [15], Apergis and Ozturk [16], Baek [17], NarayanSaboori and Soleymani [18], Acaravci and Ozturk [19], OsabuohienEfobi and Gitau [20], Tutulmaz [21], TiwariShahbaz and Adnan Hye [22], Ben AbdallahBelloumi and De Wolf [23], ShahbazLean and Shabbir [24], Balaguer and Cantavella [25], Babu and Datta [26], Asici and Acar [27], Ben JebliBen Youssef and Ozturk [28], BilgiliKocak and Bulut [29], Al-MulaliSolarin and Ozturk [30], Fujii and Managi [31], KangZhao and Yang [32], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [33], Hao and Liu [34], Javid and Sharif [35], OzturkAl-Mulali and Saboori [36], Narayan and Narayan [37], among others have investigated the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis which suggests that environmental degradation/pollution decreases overtime as a country's GDP per capita increases. Cerdeira Bento and Moutinho [14], SekerErtugrul and Cetin [15], Apergis and Ozturk [16], ShahbazLean and Shabbir [24], Charfeddine and Khediri [38], Balaguer and Cantavella [25], Al-MulaliSolarin and Ozturk [30], BilgiliKocak and Bulut [29], Hao and Liu [34], Javid and Sharif [35] and among others support the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis while Al-TorkistaniSalisu and Maimany [39], LiuYan and Zhou [40], among others reject the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.…”

“…Cerdeira Bento and Moutinho [14], SekerErtugrul and Cetin [15], Apergis and Ozturk [16], ShahbazLean and Shabbir [24], Charfeddine and Khediri [38], Balaguer and Cantavella [25], Al-MulaliSolarin and Ozturk [30], BilgiliKocak and Bulut [29], Hao and Liu [34], Javid and Sharif [35] and among others support the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis while Al-TorkistaniSalisu and Maimany [39], LiuYan and Zhou [40], among others reject the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.…”

“…Finally, the third set of studies; Al-MulaliSolarin and Ozturk [30], SekerErtugrul and Cetin [15], Javid and Sharif [35],ShahbazJamBibi et al [62], KangZhao and Yang [32], OzturkAlMulali and Saboori [36], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [63,64,65,66], Saidi and Hammami [67], AhmedShahbaz and Kyophilavong [68], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [63] include other macroeconomic variables such as industrialization, urbanization, financial development, trade openness, etc. to the already existing variables in literature such as; carbon dioxide emissions, population, energy consumption and economic growth.…”

Educating labour force for a green economy and renewable energy jobs in Turkey: A quantitave approach

“…Also green economy is an economic development based on the sustainable development model [2]. Finally, there is recognition of the importance of renewable energy as a great need for the future of the universe as we know that it is a driving need for developing countries like Turkey to get ahead of the curve by taking maximum advantage of their potential of renewable energy sources [3].…”