The Impact of Free and Added Sugars on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gillespie, Kerri M.; White, Melanie J.; Kemps, Eva; Moore, Halim; Dymond, Alexander; Bartlett, Selena E.

doi:10.3390/nu16010075

Cited by 3 publications

References 127 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Fructose Activates a Stress Response Shared by Methylglyoxal and Hydrogen Peroxide inStreptococcus mutans

Walker,

Pham,

Noeparvar

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fructose catabolism by Streptococcus mutans is initiated by three PTS transporters yielding either fructose-1-phoshate (F-1-P) or fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P). Deletion of one such F-1-P-generating PTS, fruI, has been shown to reduce the cariogenicity of S. mutans in rats fed a high-sucrose diet. Moreover, a recent study linked fructose metabolism in S. mutans to a reactive electrophile species (RES) methylglyoxal. Here, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis of exponentially grown S. mutans shocked with 50 mM fructose, 50 mM glucose, 5 mM methylglyoxal, or 0.5 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The results revealed a striking overlap between the fructose and methylglyoxal transcriptomes, totaling 176 genes, 61 of which were also shared with the H2O2 transcriptome. This core of 61 genes encompassed many of the same pathways affected by exposure to low pH or zinc intoxication. Consistent with these findings, fructose negatively impacted metal homeostasis of a mutant deficient in zinc expulsion and the growth of a mutant of the major oxidative stress regulator SpxA1. We further demonstrated the induction of the superoxide dismutase (sodA) and the fruRKI operon by different levels of fructose. Finally, fructose metabolism lowered culture pH at a faster pace, allowed better survival under acidic and nutrient-depleted conditions, and enhanced the competitiveness of S. mutans against Streptococcus sanguinis, although a moderated level of F-1-P might further boost some of these benefits. In conclusion, fructose metabolism is integrated into the stress core of S. mutans and regulates critical functions required for survival in both the oral cavity and during systemic infections. Importance. Fructose is a common monosaccharide in the biosphere, yet its overconsumption has been linked to various health problems in humans including insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic liver diseases. These effects are in large part attributed to the unique biochemical characteristics and metabolic responses associated with the degradation of fructose. Yet, an understanding of the effects of fructose on the physiology of bacteria and its implications to the human microbiome is severely lacking. Here we performed a series of analyses on the gene regulation of a dental pathogen Streptococcus mutans by exposing it to fructose and other important stress agents. Further supported by growth, persistence, and competition assays, our findings revealed the ability of fructose to activate a set of cellular functions that may prove critical to the ability of the bacterium to persist and cause diseases both within and without of the oral cavity.

show abstract

Fructose Activates a Stress Response Shared by Methylglyoxal and Hydrogen Peroxide inStreptococcus mutans

Walker,

Pham,

Noeparvar

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Effects of fortified electrolyte drink on cognitive, mood, and nutritional parameters: a randomised, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled study

Wong,

Yap,

Wong

et al. 2024

Int J of Food Sci Tech

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryElectrolyte drinks contain charged minerals and are easily accessible in the market. It has become popular for the food and beverage industry to add nutrients and/or active ingredients to electrolyte drinks and market them as functional beverages. This study aims to determine the interactive effects of electrolyte drinks added caffeine, glucose, and B‐group vitamins (FED) on cognitive, mood index, and nutritional parameters. A total of 34 university students participated in this randomised, single‐blind, and placebo‐controlled study. Participants in the intervention group consumed 500 mL of FED, while participants in the control group consumed 500 mL of an electrolyte drink (ED). Baseline and post‐intervention data on cognitive performance, mood index, blood glucose, blood pressure, heart rate, and urine specific gravity were measured. Results indicated no significant differences (P > 0.05) in post‐intervention cognitive performance scores for simple reaction time, choice reaction time, verbal paired associates, visual paired associates, and digit symbol matching between the FED and ED groups. Levels of fatigue, confusion, and total mood disturbance (TMD) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by 46.50%, 62.75%, and 9.54%, respectively, following FED consumption. Post‐intervention data indicated no differences between the FED and ED groups in blood pressure, heart rate, and urine specific gravity, except for the blood glucose parameter, in which the blood glucose level of the FED group was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the ED group. This study indicates that FED consumed in a realistic dose can reduce fatigue, confusion, and TMD. Further studies with a higher caffeine dosage, but within the safe range, could be conducted to investigate the cognitive enhancement potential of FED.

show abstract

Selectivity for “Non-Food” versus “Food” Nouns Is Increased in Healthy Adults in Response to Elevated Peripheral Blood Glucose Levels as Indicated by Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

Ivanov,

Kruchinina,

Chiligina

et al. 2024

J Evol Biochem Phys

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Impact of Free and Added Sugars on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 3 publications

References 127 publications

Fructose Activates a Stress Response Shared by Methylglyoxal and Hydrogen Peroxide inStreptococcus mutans

Fructose Activates a Stress Response Shared by Methylglyoxal and Hydrogen Peroxide inStreptococcus mutans

Effects of fortified electrolyte drink on cognitive, mood, and nutritional parameters: a randomised, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled study

Selectivity for “Non-Food” versus “Food” Nouns Is Increased in Healthy Adults in Response to Elevated Peripheral Blood Glucose Levels as Indicated by Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About