The impact of insecticides to local honey bee colony Apis cerana indica in laboratory condition

T socio-ecology of managed honeybees (apis mellifera) in the Louisville Metro area.

“…These honeybee introductions have increased competition between the non-native honeybees and other native pollinators, which is a conservation concern today (Thomson, 2004). In addition, the establishment and growth of commercialized and migratory beekeeping brought threats of spreading disease, parasites, and fungi across the country and the globe to both honeybee and native pollinator populations (Martin et al, 1980, p. 118-127;Kristine, et al, 2013;Putra et al, 2014).…”

“…However, some reasons stem from human management and alterations of the environment. Current hypotheses include pests, insecticides, monoculture crops, and land use change (Webster, 1977(Webster, /2013Bush, 2004, p. 107;Dave, 2013;Putra, 2014).…”

“…These pollinators, taxonomically placed the genus Apis, consist of seven species that diverged into 44 subspecies around the world (Engel, 1999;ITIS 2008;Engel, Hinojosa-Diaz, & Rasnitsyn, 2009). Of these species two are considered domesticated, Apis cerena indica (a subspecies of Asiatic honeybees, the Indian honeybee) and Apis mellifera (the Western or European honeybee) (Jones, 1958(Jones, /2011Webster, 1977Webster, /2013Putra, Agus, & Syayidah, 2014;Beaurepaire et al, 2015;Matias, Borgemeister,& Wehrden, 2017). All bees gather nectar and pollen to eat, but honeybees create permanent hives for this purpose that last throughout the year and establish populations that contain tens of thousands per hive (Jones, 1958(Jones, /2011Webster, 1977Webster, /2013.…”