“…The average values of the performance variables under study are -0.6133 for the ROA variable. Among the VAIC TM components, HCE has the highest mean value (mean=1.5607), indicating the creation of value through human capital of a company, i.e, the additional value created by a monetary unit spent per employee (such as Chan, 2009;Ting & Lean, 2009;Chang & Hsieh, 2011;Al-Musali & Ismail, 2014;Matinfard & Khavari, 2015;González, Calzada & Hernández, 2017;Ozkan, Cakan & Kayacan, 2017;Hasan et al, 2017;Maji & Goswami, 2017;Farrukh & Joiya, 2018). The average values of the SCE is low (about 0.3342).…”