“…While a certain amount of stress can enhance learning (Linn & Zeppa, 1984), excessive stress can negatively impact cognitive functioning and learning by decreasing attention (Smith, 1990), reducing concentration (Askenasy & Lewin, 1996;Saipanish, 2003;Smith, 1990;Collins & Foote, 2005), impinging on decision-making (Klein, 1996) and reducing students' ability to establish good relationships with patients (Shapiro, Shapiro, & Schwartz, 2000). In addition, stress can negatively impact physical (e.g.…”