The Impact of Peripartum Factors on the Onset and Duration of Lactation

Abstract

Knowledge of peripartum indicators of those mother-infant pairs that are at increased risk of early failure of lactation may improve specific support of breastfeeding. Mode of delivery, labor complications, hyperbilirubinemia, milk intake and weight development were evaluated in healthy term infants in a hospital (n = 338). Delayed onset of lactation was observed in primiparae and in study participants with peripartum complications. The quantitative intake of human milk, assessed by test weighing 0–24 h and 24–48 h after the onset of lactation, was not significantly different between these groups. In addition, volume intake, weight gain and lactation success were tracked in 77 infants. Partial feeding of infant formula or an intake of <150 g of human milk per day 24–48 h after the onset of lactation was linked to weaning within 4 weeks. Ninety-one percent of the infants were exclusively breastfed at discharge; this value had declined to 49, 35 and 20% at 4, 12 and 20 weeks, respectively. Peripartum factors may contribute to early lactation failure; the long-term success of breastfeeding was predominantly determined outside the hospital.

Hospital Discharge on the First Compared With the Second Day After a Planned Cesarean Delivery

“…12 It has been demonstrated that although peripartum factors may contribute to early lactation failure, long-term success of breastfeeding was predominantly determined outside the hospital. 13 Our participants were generally well supported after discharge with 85% expecting at least an adult to be available at home to assist. In our newly urbanized community, new mothers often returned to their hometowns for confinement and to get support from their own mothers.…”

Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature

“…Attempts were made to contact authors from 39 studies for additional data (6,7,10,; 36 replied, providing data previously unpublished in this form from 245,455 subjects. Six authors could not provide data (47,48,57,(59)(60)(61) and one author (33) referred us to another publication, but this study was not suitable for inclusion (67). The full text was unobtainable for 3 studies (68)(69)(70).…”

Daily Breastmilk Volume in Mothers of Very Low Birth Weight Neonates: A Repeated-Measures Randomized Trial of Hand Expression Versus Electric Breast Pump Expression

“…20 Early initiation of milk expression and frequent milk removal are important factors in the development of an adequate milk supply in this population. [6][7][8] One pilot study demonstrated that initiating milk expression within the first hour after birth is more effective than expressing between 2 and 6 hours.…”