The Impact of Plant-Based Diets on Dietary Acid Load Metrics in Venezuela: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Dietary acid load (DAL) is an important determinant of the acid–base balance in humans and has been associated with several chronic non-communicable diseases. Plant-based diets, including vegetarian and vegan diets, decrease DAL—although their alkalizing potential varies substantially. Their net effect on common DAL scores, including potential renal acid load and net endogenous acid production, has been insufficiently quantified and is poorly understood—particularly in populations outside of Europe and North America. We assessed the associations between three plant-based dietary patterns (flexitarian vs. lacto-ovo-vegetarian vs. vegan diet) and DAL scores in a healthy Venezuelan population in the metropolitan area of Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela. Substantial differences in DAL scores were observed, whereby the vegan diet yielded the highest alkalizing potential, followed by the lacto-ovo-vegetarian and the flexitarian diet. DAL scores were substantially lower in comparison to European and North American plant-based populations, probably due to the higher potassium intake (exceeding 4000 mg/d in vegans), the higher magnesium intake (390.31 ± 1.79 mg/d in vegans) and the lower intake of protein in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Additional studies in other non-industrialized populations are warranted to allow for a better understanding of the (numeric) impact of plant-based dietary patterns on DAL scores, potentially allowing for an establishment of reference ranges in the near future.

Bone Remodelling, Vitamin D Status, and Lifestyle Factors in Spanish Vegans, Lacto-Ovo Vegetarians, and Omnivores

“…On one hand, plant-based diets generally contain lower amounts or less bioavailable nutrients that are essential for bone health, such as protein, vitamin D, calcium, vitamin A, zinc, selenium, and iodine, and on the other hand, they contain more quantities of several protective nutrients, including magnesium, potassium, vitamin K, vitamin C, and phytobioactive compounds [9][10][11][12][13]. In addition, lower animal protein and phosphorous intakes and higher magnesium and potassium intakes are associated with lower acid load and a potential alkalinising effect [14], which has been suggested to be beneficial for bone health, as bone can reduce its buffering activity to maintain acid-base balance and therefore bone minerals are retained. Nevertheless, the scarce studies focused on the relationship between vegetarian diets and bone health suggest that these diets may increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.…”