“…Section 1.2 attends to the theoretical and methodological approaches to studying HEIs and their economic impact. The methods, addressed individually below, include: the single case study approach (Bramwell & Wolfe, 2008;Garrido-Yserte & Gallo Rivera, 2010;Goddard & Vallance, 2013;Eesley & Miller, 2017;Steinacker, 2005;Tavoletti, 2007), the multiple HEI approach (see Alves et al, 2015;Carlsson & Fridh, 2003;Elliott, Levin, & Meisel, 1988;Guerrero, Cunningham, & Urbano, 2015;Schartinger, Schibany, & Gassler, 2001), the knowledge production function approach (Anselin, Varga, & Acs, 1997, 2000Barrio-Castro & García-Quevedo, 2005;Fischer & Varga 2003;Lin, Kung, & Wang, 2015;Sevinc, 2014), and cross-sectional approaches (Baryla & Dotterweich, 2001;Florax, 1992;Florax & Folmer, 1992;Fogarty, 1993;Tornquist & Hoenack, 1996). Section 1.3 turns its attention to the concept of efficiency, and explores the methodological approaches used to evaluate efficiency in the educational sector.…”